tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46515356922991175842024-03-13T19:48:40.351-07:00Antique writing paperMikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.comBlogger174125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-22563546814647343662020-08-25T00:00:00.001-07:002020-08-25T00:00:13.587-07:00How Barbie doll does promote traditional gender roles., effect on EssayHow Barbie doll promotes conventional sexual orientation jobs., impact on sex conduct - Essay Example She is accustomed to representing the individual minor departure from general normal sexual orientation topics happening in light of the fact that various powers impact all people. Barbie Doll is maybe used to show that sexual orientation is critical and central to the personality of a person. Sexual orientation is exemplified and lived by everybody all the times of their lives. In that capacity, it tends to be contended that sex is both an individual development just as is learnt by method of social plan and request, which advances the enticing gauges of being male and female. Indeed, the Barbie doll has been depicted as the toy that was structured and made for ladies to edify ladies about what the general public anticipates from them. A few ways of thinking declare that Barbie doll has noteworthy issues that encompass gentility and sexual orientation standards. Indeed, Barbie doll can be portrayed to be the ideal portrayal of female sexuality as saw by the general public and as pro pagated by the media (Bothell 17). Sexual orientation explicit conduct is an aftereffect of both nature and socialization. The general public, to a great extent, directs how people see themselves. Both the male and female in the general public distinguish the ââ¬Å"selfâ⬠as made out of both the individual and the general public. Barbie doll delineates this sort of cultural impact just excessively well. She copies the female character. She is accustomed to speaking to the lady in the general public who works as a self-imaging device. Maybe a significant effect that she has on self-perception portrayal is that her body has a general human body structure. Maybe to show that sex explicit conduct is affected by socialization and nature, one just needs to take a gander at Barbieââ¬â¢s crowd kids. Numerous scholastics accept that youngsters are the most defenseless against undesirable self-perceptions that the doll ventures (Bothell 61). Socialization happens when kids play. They need an inward portrayal that could also be thought to be consistent with all guys and females Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-17759650642557400962020-08-22T02:34:00.001-07:002020-08-22T02:34:07.025-07:00Product Mix and New Product Development Strategies EssayThe Coca-Cola versus Pepsi rivalry is maybe the most notable contention throughout the entire existence of promoting. Coke has since quite a while ago delighted in the home field advantage, having gotten dug in as the most well known and recognizable cola all through the world. Despite the fact that it has cut itself a considerable segment of the market, Pepsi has battled to coordinate the business income of Coca-Cola; as of not long ago. In spite of the fact that Pepsi has never verged on rising to Coke cola piece of the overall industry, they have gotten more forceful and adroit than Coke in cornering the non-carbonated refreshment advertise. It is in this market Pepsi is looking to acquire a supportable upper hand over Coke. It their mission to secure and grow new items, will the utilization of the PTSTP technique assist Pepsi with growing new items so as to get a practical serious advantage?A item is characterized in three levels; center, real, and increased. The center of the item is the advantage it offers the customer. For the case of colas, it could be refreshment, vitality (sugar and caffeine), readiness, or just delight. The soft drink itself is the real item. The enlarged item for a cola could be the acknowledgment and status increases apparent by drinking that specific brand. Or on the other hand it could even be the weight reduction from adhering to consume less calories colas. For the improvement of new items, we first need to recognize what comprises of another item. There are six classes of new products:1.New-To-The-World. This is an item that has no like item offered somewhere else. For instance, when the primary PC was offered to people in general, this would be another item. 2.New Product Lines. This is when comparable items exist, conceivably significantly under a similar brand, yet another line of the item offers some unmistakable distinction to those items previously advertised. For instance, offering diet colas notwithstanding standard colas under a similar brand. 3.Product Line Additions. This is the expansion of an item that is legitimately identified with one advertised. For instance, offering Vanilla Coke available to be purchased nearby Coke. 4.Improvements/Revisions. This is an item which has just been offered,â but some change or modification has been made to the items properties. For instance: New Coke, or anything named ââ¬Å"new and improved.â⬠5.Repositioned Products. A similar item offered in another market or coordinated towards another objective market. For instance Pepsi bringing Sabritas chips into the US to focus on the Hispanic market. 6.Lower-Priced Products. This is essentially diminishing the cost of a current item to invigorate deals. New items influence the item blend of an organization. Item blend is commonly characterized as ââ¬Å"the absolute composite of items offered by a specific organization.â⬠The item blend incorporates both individual items and product offerings. A product offering is a gathering of items which are firmly related by work, client base, appropriation, or value go. To utilize Pepsi for instance, Pepsiââ¬â¢s item blend incorporates drinks and potato chips. The refreshment product offering comprises of carbonated, non-carbonated, and water. Pepsi, Gatorade, and Aquafina all are singular items. PTSTP is a memory aide for the five stage process basic Target Marketing and Positioning. The five stages are as follows:1.Identify serious Products. 2.Define the Target advertise. 3.Determine the reason for Segmentation. 4.Determine if any Target markets are underserved. 5.Develop a Product for the underserved advertise. By utilizing this strategy, an organization can distinguish a hole in a specific market portion. This hole might be available on the grounds that there is no item to fill it, or in light of the fact that the present item is arriving at an incredible finish cycle, in this manner making an open door for new development. To respond to the past inquiry, we will differentiate the PTSTP technique to Coca-Cola and Pespiââ¬â¢s advancement of the non-carbonated drink advertise. Pepsi has consistently battled to coordinate Cokeââ¬â¢s piece of the pie in colas and other carbonated refreshments. Coke appreciates a 44% cut of the market contrasted with Pepsiââ¬â¢s 32%. During their multi year competition, Pepsi has never verged on selling as much soft drink as Coke. Quite a bit of this is expected to Cokeââ¬â¢s brand acknowledgment. In spite of the fact that in 2006 Pepsi, just because, beat Coke in refreshments sold. This was expected to Pepsiââ¬â¢s embracement of the non-carbonated drink showcase, where it drove the market with a 24% offer over Cokeââ¬â¢s 16%. Pepsi had the option to perceive and exploit the developing non-carbonized advertise a lot sooner than Coca-Cola. In spite of the fact that cola deals have as of late deteriorated to under 1% development, non-carbonated drinks became 8% in 2004. A significant part of the disappointment of Coke to venture into this market can be followed back to the tenacity of Coke officials to grow past the soft drink showcase. Coke had a chance to get Quaker Oats in the 1990ââ¬â¢s, yet passed on the chance. Rather, Pepsi obtained Quaker Oats in 2001. Among Quaker Oats resources were Gatorade and Snapple, the two chiefs in their business sectors. Despite the fact that these product offerings were at that point set up, they spoke to new items to Pepsi, as they spoke to Pepsiââ¬â¢s presentation into the non-carbonated refreshment showcase. Subsequently, Pepsi claims a telling lead in the games drink advertise, with Gatorade holding a 80% offer to Cokeââ¬â¢s Powerade at 15%. Until 2001, Coca-Cola had been hesitant to grasp new items. They were not ready to expand their organization and take the risk in the non-carbonated market, until they saw the achievement Pepsi was having. Notwithstanding missing Quaker Oats, Coke lost an offering war for the Sobe line of improved juices, and their offer for the Planet Java line of espressos teas was not grasped by their free bottlers. Be that as it may, since 2000 Coke has been effectively looking for new items in this market, including the obtaining of the fruitful Minute Maid juice line. The distinction in reasoning has had the effect for Pepsi. Actually, losing the cola wars may have been the best thing for Pepsi. This constrained Pepsi to look outside the soft drink domain so as to build benefits. As Pepsiââ¬â¢s CEO, Steven Reinemund accepts that his companyââ¬â¢s development is because of their steady journey for change, that ââ¬Å"Innovation is the thing that buyers areâ looking for, especially in the little, routine things of their life.â⬠Pepsiââ¬â¢s eagerness to grasp new product offerings has given them the edge over Coke without precedent for history. Their contributions of Quaker Oatsââ¬â¢ refreshments, Sobe, and Aquafina have all been firsts for a soft drink organization. Accordingly, they have picked up the brand acknowledgment over Cokeââ¬â¢s resulting contributions, prompting an expanded piece of the overall industry. With the end goal for Pepsi to keep up their upper hand over Coke, they have to follow the counsel of Reinemund, by staying imaginative. PTSTP can assist them with supporting this bit of leeway. By distinguishing potential markets, and creating items for these business sectors, they can keep on catching new pieces of the overall industry. The drink showcase is immersed with choices for the shopper, with new items seeming ordinary. A considerable lot of these items are minor departure from existing items. For instance, caffeinated drinks have gotten exceptionally famous in the previous hardly any years. Thus the market has gotten overwhelmed with choices. It will turn out to be progressively hard to present new items in this class. By utilizing PTSTP, Pepsi can recognize another specialty in this market, or an alternate market to misuse. Utilizing the caffeinated drinks for instance, the contenders territory from Fuze, Red Bull, and numerous others. By characterizing the objective market, they can distinguish that similar socioeconomics both will in general purchase soft drinks and caffeinated drinks. Pepsi would then be able to section the market into youthful guys (18-30). They at that point establish that the objective market of consolidated soft drink caffeinated drinks is underserved. They at that point build up an item to serve this market. In this way Pepsi Max is conceived. By utilizing PTSTP, Pepsi has made another item in soft drink caffeinated drinks, Pepsi Max. It is this sort of imagination and development that is grasped by Reinemund, and will serve to maintain Pepsi with a supported upper hand over Coke. Just by utilizing a technique, for example, PTSTP, can underserved markets be recognized and misused. References 1. http://business.enotes.com/business-account reference book/item mix2. Brady, Diane (). A Thousand and One Noshes: How Pepsi deftly adjusts items to changing purchaser tastes. Business Week. 14 Jun 20043. Foust, Dean. Things Go Better With â⬠¦ Juice: Cokeââ¬â¢s new CEO should move rapidly to get up to speed in noncarbonated beverages. Business Week. 17 May 20044. Brooker, Katrina. How Pepsi outgunned Coke: Losing the cola wars was the best thing that at any point happened to Pepsi â⬠while Coke was observing, PEP assumed control over an a lot bigger market. FORTUNE 1 Feb 2006http://money.cnn.com/2006/02/01/news/organizations/pepsi_fortune/index.htm5. http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_three_levels_of_a_product.htm Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-90512195694677159452020-07-26T02:07:00.001-07:002020-07-26T02:07:02.392-07:00Making Minimalism (Episode 1)Making Minimalism (Episode 1) This is the first episode from our new web series Making Minimalism, created by Matt DAvella. Watch the entire series for free on YouTube. About Making Minimalism Creating our documentary, Minimalism, was simple, but not easy. A few years back we jumped in our tour bus (an old Toyota Corolla) and spoke with people around the country about how simple living had changed their lives. Now, with Making Minimalism, were deconstructing how we made the film from the very beginning. Youâll get a look at never-before-seen footage as we detail all of our big wins, failures, breakthroughs, and discoveries. See The Minimalists live on tour. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-91744537311441998762020-05-22T09:40:00.001-07:002020-05-22T09:40:04.431-07:00International Business Develop Fast - 2198 Words Today,international business develop fast,it is important to communicate in different cultures .we should understand the difference which exist between other culture and ours. everyone from different countries or culture is quite different,it is required that we have to know a little bit about other cultures,for example,a word can have several meanings referring different cultural background.How to avoid misunderstand or even conflict, it is a problem we need to think about and solve. In most cultures, a handshake is an acceptable greeting. However, the meaning of the grip of a handshake varies from culture to culture. Also, there are different greetings that are more effective in some cultures. In most cultures, a suit is viewed as appropriate attire while conducting business. However, different cultures wear different types of dress for business. Many cultures prefer conservative dress in public. In the Middle East, women are fully covered. Therefore, it is important to dress appropriately while interacting with other cultures. Using gestures, while communicating cross-culturally, is very risky. Many gestures that one may find acceptable practice in their culture may be very unacceptable or even insulting in another culture.Examples of body gestures include instinctively beckoning to a waiter, and initiating a business presentation with visual signals to greet people. In Thailand, people snap their fingers to call a waiter over to request their bill whereasShow MoreRelatedSubway International And The Global Fast Food Industry1437 Words à |à 6 Pages Subway International and the Global Fast Food Industry Murad H. 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Annotated Case Study Problem Identification Key Decisions Is International expansion the most effective way to Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-14630788340460867042020-05-08T14:17:00.001-07:002020-05-08T14:17:02.763-07:00My Meditation Practice Plan For The Physical Aspect My mindfulness practice plan will consist of the four areas physical, emotional, spiritual, and vital/rhythmic. The mindfulness practice plan which I have developed, provide activities which I currently enjoy doing, as well as ones that I have not experienced but have always been interested in trying. I am a very spiritual person, and therefore the spiritual area for me is one aspect that I feel is extremely important when dealing with healing oneââ¬â¢s self. Also, being an emotionally driven individual, the emotional aspect I believe has to be in balance in order for the physical aspect to be done successfully. C1a Create two goals for each of the four aspects: The first goal in my practice plan, for the physical aspect, is to start drinking more water. This has always been a challenge for me, because I find water to be boring and lacking taste. However, I know that hydrating your body is important for many different reasons. It not only flushes out toxins in your body, but also keeps your skin clear, and helps with weight loss, among many other things. One way that I will work to meet this goal, is to buy water bottles in bulk. By doing this, I will have the ability to grab and go a bottle to take with me when I am heading to work or to have in the car instead of stopping someplace to buy a soft drink. Another way that I will reach this goal, is to buy some drink mixes to put in the water in order to make it taste better to me since the lack of taste has been anShow MoreRelatedAssignment On The Healthcare Setting1216 Words à |à 5 Pageson how you can utilize your own physical, emo tional, and mental capabilities to help you deal with stress, illness, and conflict in your daily life. It is a field of holistic healthcare that emphasizes making lifestyle changes and utilizing all our individual inner strengths. The services provided as a part of integrative mind body medicine are classes, consultations, and retreats focusing on mindfulness and stress reduction. The classes and retreats have meditation, relaxation, yoga, and discussionRead MoreEssay on Right Mindfulness in Buddhism1089 Words à |à 5 Pagesââ¬ËRight Mindfulnessââ¬â¢ as a vital part of meditation as well as one of the most important steps in the eight-fold path to enlightenment. 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Not only eating better, exercising often, but also having a positive mental health itââ¬â¢s also as important. In order to achieve a healthier lifestyle, one must create a better food diet plan, schedule a workout routine daily, and practice meditation to relax the mind. Eating Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-10812638149607393672020-05-06T09:42:00.001-07:002020-05-06T09:42:08.902-07:00Assess The Level Of Anemia Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays This chapter discusses the findings of the survey derived from the descriptive and illative statistics. The survey was conducted to measure the effectivity of Beta vulgaris rubra mush on anaemia among adolescent misss at selected schools, Salem. Description of the demographic variables The demographic variables were collected through Structured Questionnaire and anaemia was assessed by Sahlis Hemoglobinometer graduated table. We will write a custom essay sample on Assess The Level Of Anemia Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The degree of anaemia was assessed before and after disposal of beetroot mush. The research worker found that in experimental group, 19 ( 63.33 % ) were in the age group of 15 old ages and in control group 19 ( 63.33 % ) were in the age group of 14 old ages. This survey was supported by, Thankachen et Al ( 2008 ) he did the survey to gauge the prevalence of anaemia among adolescent misss. In this survey 296 adolescent misss were studied between the age group of 10-19 old ages and concluded that 60-70 % of adolescent misss were anaemic between the age group of 13 to 15 old ages. In experimental group 18 ( 60 % ) were analyzing in 10th criterion and in control group 15 ( 50 % ) were analyzing in 9th criterion. In experimental group, 23 ( 76.67 % ) non-vegetarian whereas in control group 25 ( 83.33 % ) were non -vegetarian. In experimental group, 25 ( 83.33 ) were taking 3 times nutrient per twenty-four hours and in control group 25 ( 83.33 ) were taking 3 times nutrient per twenty-four hours. In experimental group 29 ( 96.67 % ) were taking jammed tiffin from place and in control group 30 ( 100 % ) all of them were taking jammed tiffin from place. In experimental group 22 ( 73.33 % ) had regular catamenial rhythm and in control group 22 ( 73.33 % ) had regular catamenial rhythm. In experimental group 15 ( 50 % ) had normal catamenial flow and in control group 9 ( 30 % ) had regular A ; inordinate catamenial flow. The first aim of the survey was to measure the degree of anaemia among adolescent misss During pretest in the experimental group 15 ( 50 % ) samples had mild and moderate anaemia. In control group bulk of them 19 ( 63 % ) had mild anaemia and 11 ( 36.67 % ) had moderate anaemia. During posttest in experimental group bulk of them 21 ( 70 % ) had mild anemia, 2 ( 6.66 ) had moderate anaemia and 7 ( 23.33 % ) had no anaemia. In control group bulk of them 19 ( 63.33 % ) had mild anaemia and 11 ( 36.67 % ) had moderate anaemia. Rohini et al. , ( 2007 ) conducted survey to measure the prevalence of anaemia among adolescent misss in 16 slums at Pune. 1142 Adolescents were selected as samples. Data aggregation was done based on bio physiological steps, dietetic history, morbidity history, anthropometric steps, and ingestion of locally available Fe rich nutrients. The consequence showed that 1.3 % of misss were badly anaemic and 58 % of misss were reasonably anaemic ( P lt ; 0.01 ) in the survey population. The 2nd aim was to measure the effectivity of Beta vulgaris rubra mush on anaemia among adolescent misss in experimental group. In experimental group, the posttest average mark of anaemia was 10.53Aà ±0.65 and in control group the mean mark was 9.76Aà ±0.29. The ââ¬Ët ââ¬Ë value was 5.31* which showed that Beta vulgaris rubra mush was effectual in bettering the hemoglobin degree among adolescent misss in experimental group. Therefore hypothesis H1 was retained at P lt ; 0.05 degree. Fsaumi, ( 2003 ) conducted an experimental survey to measure the effectivity of Beta vulgaris rubra juice on anaemia. The topics were 20 adolescent misss in the age group of 12- 16 old ages who were divided into two groups, 10 as experimental and 10 as control group. The misss of the experimental group were given nutritionary addendum Beta vulgaris rubra ( 50gm | twenty-four hours ) for a period of 25 yearss and the control group was given placebo for the same period. Diet form was same for all the 20 topics. Consequence showed that there was an addition in the serum haemoglobin degree ( 72 % ) and folic acid ( 68 % ) degree in the experimental group after the disposal of beetroot supplementation ( m=10.31, SD=1.32146 ) irrespective of their demographic variables and the obtained ââ¬Ët ââ¬Ë value ( t = 9.39, P lt ; 0.05 ) was important. It is concluded that the addition in serum haemoglobin degrees irrespective of their demographic variables in the experimental group as compar ed to command group was decidedly due to the consequence of Beta vulgaris rubra supplementation. The 3rd aim was to tie in the pretest tonss on anaemia among adolescent misss in experimental and control group with their selected background variables. In experimental and control group there was no association between the pretest tonss on anaemia and their selected background variables at P lt ; 0.05 degree. Drumhead The treatment was made in this chapter based on the aims of the survey and its relation with similar surveies conducted by other research workers. All the three aims have been obtained. The first formulated hypothesis was retained and 2nd hypothesis was rejected in this survey. CHAPTER-VI SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter consists of four subdivisions. In the first two subdivisions, the sum-up and the decision were presented. In the last two subdivisions, the deductions for nursing pattern and the recommendations for farther research were presented. Drumhead The intent of this survey was to measure the effectivity of Beta vulgaris rubra mush on anaemia among adolescent misss at selected schools, Salem. True experimental pretest and posttest design was chosen for this survey. 60 samples were selected ( 30 in experimental 30 in control group ) from Govt. High. School, Poolaveri and Govt. High. School, Veerapandi, Salem through systematic random trying technique from which information was collected through demographic proforma and Sahlis Hemoglobinometer. The information was analysed by utilizing descriptive and illative statistics. To prove the hypothesis, independent ââ¬Ët ââ¬Ë trial and chi-square was used. The P lt ; 0.05 degree of significance was used to prove the hypothesis. In pretest, in experimental group 15 ( 50 % ) had mild anaemia and 15 ( 50 % ) had moderate anaemia. In control group 19 ( 63.33 % ) had mild anaemia and 11 ( 36.67 % ) had moderate anaemia. In posttest, in experimental group 21 ( 70 % ) had mild anemia, 2 ( 6.66 ) had moderate anaemia and 7 ( 23.33 % ) had no anaemia. In control group 19 ( 63.33 % ) had mild anaemia and 11 ( 36.67 % ) had moderate anaemia. In experimental group, the average pretest mark on anaemia was 9.48Aà ±0.81, posttest mark was 10.53Aà ±0.65, with a difference of 1.05. In the control group, the pretest mean mark was 9.64Aà ±0.53, and posttest mean mark was 9.76Aà ±0.29 with a difference of 0.12. In experimental group, the posttest average mark of anaemia was 10.53Aà ±0.65 and in control group the mean mark is 9.76Aà ±0.29. The ââ¬Ët ââ¬Ë value was 5.31 which shows that Beta vulgaris rubra mush was effectual in bettering the hemoglobin degree among adolescent misss in experimental group. Therefore hypothesis H1 was retained at P lt ; 0.05 degree. In experimental and control group there was no association between the pretest tonss on anaemia and their selected demographic variables at P lt ; 0.05 degree. Hence the formulated hypothesis H2 was rejected at P gt ; 0.05 degree. Decision This survey was done to measure the effectivity of Beta vulgaris root mush on anaemia among adolescent misss at selected schools, Salem. The consequence of this survey showed that Beta vulgaris rubra mush was effectual in bettering hemoglobin degree among adolescent misss in experimental group. There was no important association between the pretest tonss on anaemia and their selected background variables in experimental and control group. Hence formulated hypothesis H2 was rejected at P gt ; 0.05 degree Deductions Anemia is the commonest wellness job among adolescent misss. Hence there is a demand to hold nutritionary supplementation for direction of anaemia. The consequence of the survey proved that Beta vulgaris rubra mush can be used efficaciously in the nutritionary direction of anaemia. Nursing service: Regular showing of school kids can be arranged by school wellness nurse to observe anaemia and forestall its patterned advance. Educate the benefits of Fe rich diet and its function in bar and control of anaemia. Nutritional intercessions can be introduced as a primary manner of intercession by the nurses for the intervention of anaemia. The school wellness nurses can set up nutritionary supplementation Sessionss for school kids particularly for adolescent misss. Continuous instruction to the school instructors sing importance of nutritionary supplementation are necessary for cut downing the prevalence of malnutrition including anaemia. All the anaemic persons can be taught about the importance of taking Fe rich diet by small town wellness nurse. Nursing instruction: Nurse pedagogues could stress the construct of school wellness and encourages pupil nurses to appreciate the function of the nurse as an pedagogue of the school kids. Nurse pedagogue should take enterprise in forming go oning instruction plan for nurses on effectivity of Beta vulgaris rubra mush in direction of anaemia. Motivate the pupils to update the cognition on assorted invention attacks in intervention modes for anaemia. Nursing disposal: Necessary disposal support can be provided to carry on plans on bar of anaemia. Form in-service instruction sing anaemia and its effects for community wellness workers and school instructors to cut down its impact on wellness position of kids. The nurse decision maker coordinates her work along with the staffs, to promote them to make selected alternate nutritionary steps like Beta vulgaris rubra mush in the direction of anaemia. Nursing research: Nursing research demand to be done to happen out assorted other nutritionary steps in order to cut down prevalence of anaemia among adolescent misss. Research can be done on assorted populations at assorted scenes. Recommendations A similar survey can be conducted with prenatal female parents. An extended descriptive survey can be conducted to measure the prevalence of anaemia among adolescent misss. A similar survey can be done for kids ââ¬Ës of other age groups and grownups. A comparative survey can be done to find the effectivity of nutritionary intercession vs. pharmacological intercession on anaemia A Similar survey can be conducted by utilizing one group pretest and posttest design. A similar survey can be conducted in urban schools. A similar survey can be conducted in rural and urban communities. Drumhead This chapter dealt with drumhead, decision, deductions for nursing and recommendations. How to cite Assess The Level Of Anemia Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-76253061530556765252020-04-28T00:40:00.001-07:002020-04-28T00:40:03.917-07:00Machiavelli and Aristotles idea of virtue Introduction Machiavelli and Aristotleââ¬â¢s perceptions towards virtue endure until today. The differences in their perceptions towards politics allowed the two to come up with diverse dimensions of ethics and virtues as well as their role in politics. Aristotle comes up with a clear distinction between personal virtue and civic virtue and has the conviction that the two are autonomous. Hence, ââ¬Å"it is evident that the good citizen need not of necessity possess the virtue which makes a good manâ⬠(Aristotle ââ¬Å"Politicsâ⬠54).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Machiavelli and Aristotleââ¬â¢s idea of virtue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Aristotle, civic virtue is critical to politics and it facilitates in promoting national harmony. On the other hand, Machiavelli takes a different position with respect to ethics and virtue. Unlike Aristotle, Machiavelli does not find virtue to be of great significance. Machiavelli posits, ââ¬Å"Therefore, if a prince wants to maintain his rule, he must be prepared not to be virtuous and to make use of this or not according to needâ⬠(65). Machiavelli vs. Aristotle According to Machiavelli, ââ¬Å"if one considers everything well, one will find something appears to be virtue, which if pursued would be oneââ¬â¢s ruin, and something else appears to be vice, which if pursued results in oneââ¬â¢s security and well-beingâ⬠(62). Machiavelli uses an empirical approach to explain what entails virtue. He posits that an individual might have limited cognitive abilities and thus can fail to fathom why something is erroneous. On the other hand, things that were once considered virtuous can turn out to be erroneous. In a way, Machiavelli is referring to both authority and self-examination. At times, people fail to acknowledge virtue not due to flaws in their perception, but because they may have been wrongly instruct ed. Consequently, Machiavelli believes that when deciding on what is virtuous, people should not consider only what is ethically right or abide by custom authorities. Machiavelli comes up with a utilitarian understanding of virtue. He claims, ââ¬Å"For something to be a virtue in the moral sense, it cannot seriously compromise our worldly well-beingâ⬠(Machiavelli 69). In this way, he restricts the scope that moral virtue can cover. One wonders if he accords any significance to moral virtue. Machiavelli considers those leaders that are capable of transforming the world to meet their needs to be virtuous. In addition, he perceives outstanding political skills as virtuous. One of the limitations of Machiavelliââ¬â¢s idea about virtue is that he does not show what virtue really comprises and how one can cultivate it. Both Aristotle and Machiavelli believed that no virtue could come out of ignorance. Machiavelli posits that when one reflects on everything well, s/he can identif y what is virtuous (Machiavelli 62). Hence, one engages in virtuous acts after a thorough deliberation and no one partakes in the acts unconsciously.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, Aristotle claims that virtues are temperaments for choice. He holds the conviction that for one to act from virtue, he or she has to determine if his or her undertakings are ethically correct. For oneââ¬â¢s intentions to reflect virtue, s/he must proceed with complete awareness of the state of affairs. One cannot proceed out of ignorance. Aristotle asserts that only the premeditated or deliberate actions can be accorded praise. According to Aristotle, virtue trait is neither defective nor excessive (Aristotle ââ¬Å"The Nicomachean Ethicsâ⬠41). He claims that virtue trait does not yield either defective or excessive feelings or actions. Hence, individuals ought to feel and act in line with the mean. Nevertheless, Aristotle posits that it is hard to come up with a definite formula for determining the mean. In its place, virtuous people should depend on morally sensitive views to understand where virtue lies (Aristotle ââ¬Å"The Nicomachean Ethicsâ⬠51). The virtuous people identify and react to the morally significant elements available in varied contexts and modify their intentions and actions accordingly. John McDowell buys to this Aristotelian idea of virtue when he claims that virtue comprises perceptual sensitivity to the ethically pertinent qualities of oneââ¬â¢s plight, which is a form of perceptual skill. Aristotle refutes the claim that virtue depends on nature (Aristotle ââ¬Å"The Nicomachean Ethicsâ⬠56). He is against the claim that a person may be born with virtue. For Aristotle, nature subjects people to embrace virtue. Even though habit facilitates in the establishment of virtues, Aristotle holds that a virtue does not comprise a habit. He states that for an individual to nurture a certain virtue, one ought to partake in activities that resemble the virtue (Aristotle ââ¬Å"The Nicomachean Ethicsâ⬠59). Aristotle claims that for a person to develop a sense of justice, s/he should engage in just actions. The habit of engaging in just actions makes one just. Nevertheless, the habit itself does not make one just. By participating in virtuous actions, an individual is acquainted with what right deeds are like. Once he develops the virtue, he can employ the empirical wisdom to work rightly (Aristotle ââ¬Å"The Nicomachean Ethicsâ⬠63). Hence, according to this argument, Aristotle believes that one can acquire virtue, and hence it is not an inherent quality or something given by nature. Political philosophy Due to their divergent ideas regarding virtue, Aristotle and Machiavelli hold different political philosophies. Machiavelli believes that virtue entails doing what one feels is of great b enefit to him or her even though others might suffer from it. He believes in a political system where the leader has absolute powers (Machiavelli 52).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Machiavelli and Aristotleââ¬â¢s idea of virtue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to him, a bad state is one whereby the leader depends on advices from his juniors. Machiavelli believes that for a political system to be stable, one ought to depend on his or her principles and not borrow ideas from other people. He claims that virtues acquired from other people might plunge one to problems when it comes to a point of defending his or her actions (Machiavelli 68). He claims that it is hard for a leader to maintain power if s/he has not acquired it out of his or her virtue. Machiavelli believes that depending on another personââ¬â¢s fortune or will is disastrous to leaders since such will or fortune is unstable. It become s hard for a leader to take full control of his or her subjects given that the leader does not develop the art of commanding (Machiavelli 72). Aristotle holds the belief that political leaders should serve their subjects and not enrich themselves at the subjectsââ¬â¢ expense. Based on his perception of virtue, he puts forwards six forms of government. They include tyranny, oligarchy, monarchy, aristocracy, polity, and democracy (Aristotle ââ¬Å"Politicsâ⬠58). He compares all the systems of government and castigates the systems that seek to enrich the leader. While democracy bestows power to the public, Aristotle believes that such a government system had adverse effects on the less fortunate in the society. It promotes insecurity, especially if the poor opt to take to the streets seeking to enrich themselves at the expense of the rich (Aristotle ââ¬Å"Politicsâ⬠60). Aristotle believes in a political system that promotes sharing of power between the various classes i n society. A system of government like polity ensures an even distribution of power among the poor, middle class, and the rich. Hence, the system fosters a peaceful coexistence in the entire society. Conclusion After analyzing both Aristotleââ¬â¢s and Machiavelliââ¬â¢s ideas, I agree that the two are influential, but in different dimensions. In a bid to identify the correct theorist, I approach the two men from a perspective of an individual that is seeking to determine the most appropriate form of governance suitable for the contemporary world. Aristotleââ¬â¢s views on the objectives of politics, forms of governments, and duties of the public are convincing and they fit well to the contemporary global politics. On the other side, Machiavelliââ¬â¢s views on the role of ethics and virtue in politics appear to be in line with what is actually happening in the contemporary political environment. Nonetheless, this aspect does not imply that according to me, Machiavelli is th e correct theorist. Aristotle is the correct theorist here. Unlike Machiavelli, Aristotle backs all his arguments with real life situations.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Besides, he approaches his arguments from different dimensions and manages to show how one can nurture and practice virtue. On the other hand, Machiavelli fails to back a majority of his arguments with real life situations. Besides, he approaches the idea of virtue from a self-centered approach. Moreover, Machiavelli does not give an account of how one can nurture virtue, thus affecting the credibility of his argument. Concept of Individual Freedom Introduction Rousseau and Mill were political philosophers with interest in understanding what entailed individual freedom. Nevertheless, the two do not share common views regarding individual liberty. Mill perceives individual liberty as freedom of self-control in a mutual context (Mill 11). He focuses on the development of manââ¬â¢s ethical character through psychological, social, and political liberty. Mill believes that everyone in the society is bound by an equal measure of personal freedom. Hence, the main reason why people come together in the society is to ensure that they do not infringe into othersââ¬â¢ liberty. In addition, Mill has the conviction that the society works to maintain its advancement and prevent its extermination, by giving room for an open personal expression. On the other hand, Rousseau views individual freedom as comprising of a collective body bound by a general will (Rousseau 3). This paper compares Rousseauââ¬â¢s idea of individual freedom with Millââ¬â¢s idea. Rousseau vs. Mill According to Mill, a belief is insignificant if it is only approved as a fact without being comprehended by those who embrace it. He elucidates, ââ¬Å"There is only too great a tendency in the best beliefs and practices to degenerate into the mechanicalâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (Mill13). Mill claims that to curb this issue, a belief should be discussed fearlessly, regularly, and completely. Otherwise, people will consider it a dead doctrine. Mill claims that for any truth to apply to an individual, one has to use his or her views and judgment in ascertaining the truth. He believes that the veracity of any opinion makes part of its usefulness and no opinion that is against the truth can be of any use. Consequently, Mill believes that for individuals to trust in any opinion, it has to be of significance to them. Moreover, people are different, and thus truth ought to vary from one person to another (Mill13). Based in these postulations, Mill holds that limiting individual freedom means rendering the entire society inert and inhibiting its progress. Progress comes from allowing individual liberties like personal expression. Allowing individual freedom gives a society a wider range of opinions and ideas to choose from, thus encouraging growth. Conforming to traditions without understanding their values does not facilitate personal development. Consequently, individual freedom is identical to individual growth. Mill claims that when a person values him or herself, s/he is in a better positio n to be of significance to others (Mill15). He asserts that through personal development, an individual develops the entire society. Mill claims that to understand how individual freedom facilitates in social bonding, one ought to understand the interaction between individuals and the state. Mill posits, ââ¬Å"The individual is not accountable to society for its actions in so far as these concern the interests of no person but himselfâ⬠(21). Besides, individual freedom, just like other freedoms, surpasses all other authorities. Therefore, individuals are allowed an open exercise over them in Millââ¬â¢s principle. Mill is categorical that the law should not enforce itself, for example on a person acting in a manner criticized by others, since s/he has the ideal liberty to act and bear the cost of his or her actions as long as the actions do not infringe into the freedom of others. The society only takes control of individual freedom if an individualââ¬â¢s actions tend to violate the societyââ¬â¢s freedom. Rousseau views the general will as the foundation of freedom, justice, and order in the society (Rousseau 3). He believes that the general will is superior in the manner that it differentiates the will of individuals. The general will cannot wish or injure itself since it comprises people it affects, and thus all its interests are in congruence with the interests of the people. For Rousseau, general will always comes up with decisions that are beneficial to all (Rousseau 4). In addition, it derives its generality from the mutual interests that unite people and not from the number of voices. Hence, popular vote can facilitate in making effective determinations. Rousseau claims that in spite of the general will, every person remains independent. Although the ââ¬Å"general willâ⬠determines what is right, individuals have voluntarily opted to embrace it, thus remaining their own masters. More particularly, the common dedication amongst all p eople is such that, ââ¬Å"â⬠¦ in fulfilling it â⬠¦ a man cannot work for others without at the same time working for himselfâ⬠(Rousseau 5). However, it is hard for an individual to detach himself or herself from the general will. This aspect inhibits individualism, as one has to obey the rules of the general will. The better regime Evaluating the two regimes, one may claim that they both have their benefits and limitations. Although Rousseauââ¬â¢s regime would promote social cohesion as people come together to address common interests, the system would be prone to resistance from its members. In spite of people sharing some common will, they might also have private will that differs with the general will. In such a case, the regime would encounter stiff opposition as people seek to have space to attend to their private will, which in a way might violate the established general will. Moreover, the dedications that bring people together in Rousseauââ¬â¢s regime ar e mandatory only since they are communal. It would be hard for one to leave the social body should he or she cease to share mutual interests with others. In such a case, the affected person would not enjoy his or her freedom since s/he would remain in the group unwillingly. Millââ¬â¢s regime is better as compared to Rousseauââ¬â¢s regime. The regime not only gives room for personal rights, but also provides the mechanism to safeguard these rights. Such a regime encourages commitment from the society. In a situation where one is not constrained by anything apart from the effects of his actions on others, it is possible for an individual to pursue his or her personal goals without interference. A regime that calls for people to observe mutual interests not only frustrates individualââ¬â¢s effort to pursue personal goals, but also inhibits innovation. Every person works towards improving his or her living standards. Consequently, individuals would be willing to go a step furth er to come up with innovations to help them to pursue their goals. Nevertheless, if people were required to ensure that their innovations are in line with the needs of everyone in the society or a set of regulations agreed upon by the entire society, they would be discouraged from pursuing their goals in fear of violating the established regulations. Without individuality, it is hard to accomplish individual liberty in society. I would rather be a citizen in Millââ¬â¢s regime. The fact that this regime promotes individuality makes it possible for individuals in the society to uphold social order. In a bid to pursue personal goals, one has to enjoy personal liberty as well as peace. In Millââ¬â¢s regime, people would work hard to preserve their freedom and avoid infringing into the freedom of others. Hence, such a society would coexist in harmony. Millââ¬â¢s regime would promote individual freedom, order, and justice. In such an environment, it is possible for an individual to make significant steps towards development. Conclusion Rousseau and Mill present two opposing views about individual liberty. They put forward two regimes that perceive individual liberty in different dimensions. Rousseauââ¬â¢s regime perceives liberty in the form of the general will that brings individuals together to work towards achieving mutual interests. On the other hand, Millââ¬â¢s regime perceives individual liberty as independent with every person having a set of personal interests and goals. Mill believes that individual freedom brings people together as they seek to come up with measures to make sure that they do not infringe into the freedom of others. The main limitation of Rousseauââ¬â¢s regime is that it is susceptible to opposition from the members due to conflict of interests. Moreover, the regime discourages innovation and individual growth as mutual interests bind all members. On the other hand, Millââ¬â¢s regime has numerous benefits. The regime al lows individuals to pursue personal interests as long as the interests do not interfere with the freedom of others. Hence, Mill offers a better regime that can foster not only personal growth, but also societal growth. Works Cited Aristotle. The Nicomachean Ethics, London: Penguin Classics, 2004. Print. Aristotle. The Politics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985. Print. Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Prince, New York: Hackett Pub Co., 1995. Print. Mill, John. ââ¬ËOn Libertyââ¬â¢ and Other Writings: Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Print. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. The Social Contract, London: Penguin Books, 1968.Print. This essay on Machiavelli and Aristotleââ¬â¢s idea of virtue was written and submitted by user Avianna Hyde to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-70758503032639711722020-03-19T18:44:00.001-07:002020-03-19T18:44:02.352-07:00The Protagonist Suffers in Horses of the Night â⬠English EssayThe Protagonist Suffers in Horses of the Night ââ¬â English Essay Free Online Research Papers The Protagonist Suffers in Horses of the Night English Essay In the short story ââ¬Å"Horses of the Nightâ⬠by Margaret Laurence, The protagonist Chris suffers of depression. Laurence knows how depression disrupts the lives of millions of people and also reduces work productivity. In this short story Chris is able to cope with his depression by doing certain things like pretending he is rich and owns a ranch. A technique Laurence uses to help the reader understand depression is the foreshadowing which occurs many times threw out the story. Chris is able to cope with his depression and have people believe that he is not suffering from depression because he is always happy and ââ¬Å"He always used to seem sohopeful. Even when there was really nothing to be hopeful about. Thatââ¬â¢s what I find so strange. He seemed hopeful, didnââ¬â¢t you think?â⬠This indicates that Chris learned how to cope and cover up so well that even Vanessa didnââ¬â¢t know he was that depressed. In 23ff it shows that Vanessa never would have guessed that Chris would ever be depressed ââ¬Å"I could not associate the word with Chrisâ⬠. This shows how strong her disbelief of the fact that Chris could be suffering from depression. Every year over 17 million American adults experience clinical depression. Almost everyone has been depressed or has known someone who suffers depression. I have a friend that suffers from depression. You have to watch what you say around him because itââ¬â¢s hard to know what heââ¬â¢s thinking if heââ¬â¢s happy or if heââ¬â¢s having a rough day. It can be really hard on his family and the people around him that care about him. Depression affects many people. I believe that if you feel that you or someone you know is suffering from depression itââ¬â¢s important to seek help right away before the feelings of hopelessness over power the desire to survive. Research Papers on The Protagonist Suffers in "Horses of the Night" - English EssayArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayCapital PunishmentAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Mind TravelTrailblazing by Eric AndersonHip-Hop is ArtThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-5247158412635922982020-03-03T10:30:00.001-08:002020-03-03T10:30:02.809-08:00Scholarship Essay FormatScholarship Essay Format Scholarship Essay Format Scholarship Essay Format Writing Secrets One thing about a good college education is that you have to pay through your nose for it. This is why scholarship essays are a very good option if you are running short of funds and need to apply for a scholarship. There are millions of dollars that are paid out every year to students who have written brilliant scholarship essays to back up the excellence of their past academic as well as extra curricular achievements. Now you can be one of them. A good scholarship essay needs to be written in the right scholarship essay formatalong with a workable scholarship strategy to get you the scholarship that you so badly need and are dreaming of. Scholarship Strategy Do your homework to find out all the scholarship options that are open to you Ensure that you strictly follow all the directions that have been given on the scholarship essay format Apply for as many scholarships as you can-that way while most get rejected there is a chance that at least one scholarship essay from amongst a couple turns out a winner. Lastly an important part of your scholarship strategy is to always ensure that you have edited and proof-checked your essay after getting constructive feedback from your professor or teachers. Remember that you dont want to lose out on a good opportunity due to a careless spelling error or grammatical mistake Scholarship Essay Format Ideas Stick to the word limit: if you have been asked to write 200 words or less on- why you like the specific course that you are applying for then you definitely do not want to drag it on to two pages,(as this will only get you in to the bad books of the scholarship committee.) Read sample essays of winning scholarship essays: this will give you a good idea of the kind of scholarship essay format that works and what does not. Use standard format: if no directions are specified. A standard scholarship essay formatconsists of three to five paragraphs. Start with an interesting introductory paragraph that spells out your thesis statement, follow this with supporting paragraphs that elaborate on a point each and conclude your essay in the final paragraph. This is an ideal standard scholarship essay formatto follow:http://.com/blog/scholarship-application-essay-writing Related posts: Narrative Essay Expository Essay Argumentative Essay Persuasive Research Paper Argumentative Research Paper Topics Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-56629083807505865062020-02-16T01:56:00.001-08:002020-02-16T01:56:02.778-08:00Is Fashion important Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1Is Fashion important - Essay Example Human nature is such that most people judge others without really caring to know their personality. Just as simple as looking at someone, it is possible to determine if an individual is stylish, neat, trendy, lazy, or disorganized (Evans 32). While one does not need to strive to be perfect every time, basic thought and upkeep into oneââ¬â¢s appearance makes a huge difference in how people perceive the individual. Fashion also helps people to be creative. When people create something that they like, which ends up being successful, they feel good about themselves (Kawamura 21). For instance, a person who wears an outfit that he or she has never worn before and is complemented about it will have an increase in self-confidence and self-esteem. This makes the individual more willing to try out new things as he or she knows that it will be appreciated. Once an individual understand that there is no problem with looking different in comparison to the rest of society, they begin to acquire a signature look and style. This makes them less vulnerable to being stressed about their style. They do not feel the pressure of appearing similar as the rest. Through this, people gain confidence in themselves, promoting creativity in their lives and being expressive about Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-10507805390177307822020-02-02T15:17:00.001-08:002020-02-02T15:17:02.902-08:004 best 3d animated films for kids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words4 best 3d animated films for kids - Essay Example The chief Director of this film is Uri Shizer (Squidoo 2010). This movie was released in 2003 by Pixar Studios and Disney. Its remarkable box office draw kept the movie at the top. The movie is a story of a clown fish and his son, who lost all their family members to thieves leaving them alone in the world. Nemo is caught up by a scuba diver during his first day of school, turning him into a pet in a fish tank that belonged to a dentist. Consequently, Nemoââ¬â¢s father decides to go hunting for him in the ocean, where he happened to meet an absentminded fish called Dory. The story narrates about their encounters and attempts by Nemo to flee from the fish tank (Squidoo 2010). In this film, three strange bedfellows are encountered with, including Diego the saber tooth tiger, Sid the Sloth, and Manny the mammoth. The three accomplices have partnered in an attempt to return a hunter father, his human baby. When Diego, Manny and Sid return, they are joined by another character known as Ellie a mammoth who thinks she is a possum. They seek to flee from their dwelling valley to avoid drowning in case a melting glaciar blocked down. This comedy with great taste has been produced by Pixar Animation Studios. It is a story of a rat that wants to become a chef, but his family looks down upon his ideas. Consequently, Remy finds himself in a sewer, where he wants to meet a youthful cook who is fighting to retain his job. The union of the two makes them the best chefs in Paris. This entertaining movie keeps the funs wondering whether their trick will be discovered. The role of a 3D animation director is to make sure that the vision of the film rhymes with all parts of the production course. This includes the filmââ¬â¢s color palette, style, as well as tone. Unlike the directors of live-action films, those of animated movies have high control responsibility. In other words, the directors of animated films are responsible for micromanaging the whole Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-70920912831457063002020-01-25T11:40:00.001-08:002020-01-25T11:40:04.415-08:00This reflective essay is centred on pain assessmentThis reflective essay is centred on pain assessment For the purpose of the case study I intend to use Gibbs(1998) model of reflection as this model is clear, precise allowing for description, analysis and evaluation of the experience, then prompts the practitioner to formulate an action plan to improve their practice in future(Jasper, 2003). Wilkinson (2007) identifies assessment as the first phase of the nursing process in which a nurse uses their knowledge and skills to express human caring. It is important to choose an organised and systematic approach when caring out an assessment that enhances your ability to discover all the information needed to fully understands someones heath status (Alfaro-Le Fevre,2004) .This can be achieved by obtaining your information form medical record and nursing charts by physical examination of the patient and also talking to patient and their families(Wilkinson,2007). The use of objective data is more helpful in collecting information when the patient is ventilated and sedated, as they are often in the critical care setting, and this can be done by examining the patients vital sign, blood pressure, heart rate, temperature and blood results (Bulman and Schutz 2004). I have chosen pain assessment in post- operative ventilated patient. I have worked in ICU for 4 years during this time I have nursed many post- operative ventilator patients who were on continuous infusion of sedatives and analgesics. Many of them showed signs of inadequate pain relief and associated complications. Having undertaken this module I further educated myself in this field of nursing assessment I now know, or rather have an improved knowledge base and understanding of the different aspects of pain assessment tools and recognize the possibility that I have probably nursed many more patients who were demonstrating symptoms of inadequate analgesia and associated complications. Given an increased awareness and knowledge I have gained through teaching, research and current literature on this topic I now, also recognise the importance of this assessment practice in particular in relation to the ventilated, non- communicated patients in ICU. According to International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP,1979) pain is described as unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Clinically pain is whatever the person says he or she is experiencing whenever he or she says it does (Mc Caffery 1979) .Appropriate pain assessment is crucial to pain management. Patients self- report is the gold standard of pain assessment. However pain tools that rely on verbal self-report may not be appropriate for using non- verbal ventilated sedated patients in ICU. Pain assessment tool used in our critical care setting is based on a numerical pain rating score from 0-4, a score of 0 being no pain at all and 4 being the worst pain ever experienced. There is also a visual analogue scale for patients who have difficulty communicating, they can indicate by looking at the chart and pointing at either the happy face that has no pain or a series of faces showing different stages of pain (appendix t hree). These tools were chosen by the specialised pain care nurses working for the trust. The tools are favoured as they provide nurses with a quick, easy assessment. They are used widely throughout the trust to provide continuity of pain assessment.Both of these tools have proved successful in practice and are supported by the literature as being reliable and accurate in practice. However they depend greatly on the patient being able to express themselves or communicate verbally with the practitioner .Using these methods of pain assessment is not accurate on sedated patients with altered conscious level. In nonverbal patients the use of behavioural or physiological indicators are strongly recommended for detection of pain (Jacobi et al 2006). The patient in critical care may experience pain from many sources. Along with physical pain, psychological factors such as fear, anxiety and sleep disturbances may play a significant role in patients overall pain experience (Macintyre and Ready 2002). Urden et al (2010) states, pain can be acute or chronic, sensations are different in relation to its origin. Acute pain-duration is short corresponds to the healing process, ranges between 30 days to 6 months. Chronic pain lasts more than 3 to 6 months and can either or not associated with an illness. Somatic pain is well localised sharp, acute pain arising from skin, muscle, joints. Visceral pain refers to the deep, ill localized arising from an organ. Nociceptive pain occurs when inflammation stimulates pain receptors ( Urden et al 2010). Pain experienced in critical care patients are mostly acute and has multiple origins. Mr. Smith a 45 year old gentleman admitted to ICU following Laparotomy for small bowel perforation and faecal peritonitis. Mr Smith was cardiovascularly unstable and was unable to be extubated immediately after surgery due to secondary sepsis. He was receiving an infusion of Propofol and Fentanyl to keep him comfortable and provide analgesia. His medical notes revealed his past medical history of previous Cholecystectomy for gall bladder stones and biliary obstruction. I was assigned to nurse him on his second day in ICU. During handover the previous staff member reported that Mr. Smith became very agitated and hypertensive soon after he was repositioned to his side. Mr. Smith was given a bolus dose of Propofol infusion and the rate of Infusion increased. Whilst doing the Patient assessment I noticed Mr Smith is restless and not compliant with the ventilator. Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) performed which showed Mr. Smith is hypo ventilating. Meanwhile Mr. Smith became more agitated with e scalating non-compliance with ventilator and significant increase in his Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) which was being monitored continuously by the arterial line and transducer. He was showing facial grimaces and moving his extremities restlessly. I tried to reassure him by talking to him, reorientating him to time, place and person, explaining to him that he is safe. Adam and Osbourne (2005) identifies that critically ill patients frequently require help with coping with many of the stresses like physical discomfort, isolation, fear of pain and death. By using strategies like communicate caring and understanding and provide information repeatedly and in sufficient detail for the patient etc. helps the patient to cope with the stress. But repeated reassurance and reorienting has not made any improvements in his current status. Pain is an important problem in critical care and its detection is a priority. Pain assessment is vital to detect pain (Urden 2010). Pooler-Lunse and Price(1992) emphasises that critically ill patients who are unable to communicate effectively are at high risk of suffering from pain. Poorly controlled pain can stress the sympathetic nervous system leaving vulnerable patients at risk of complication and can compromise recovery and negatively affect both morbidity and mortality(Puntillo et al 2004, Dracup and Bryan- Brown 1995).Mr Smith was ventilated and due to the effect of sedatives his level of consciousness was altered. In critical care factors alter verbal communication is mechanical ventilation, administration of sedative agents and the patients change in level of consciousness (Hamill-Ruth R J, Marohn L 1999 ,Kwekkeboom K L, Herr K 2001,Shannon K, Bucknall T 2003). The consequences of untreated acute pain in critically ill patients include increases in catecholamine and stress hormone levels which are potential causes of tachycardia, hypertension, increased oxygen requirements and decreased tissue perfusion (Blakely and Page 2001, Hamill-Ruth and Marohn 1991). Mr Smith was increasingly hypertensive and tachycardia. Despite giving increased oxygenation Mr.Smith was hypo ventilating due to non- compliance to the ventilator. Marshall and Soucy(2003) identifies agitation is a common problem in critically ill patients and has been shown to be associated with inadequate pain management. Agitation can have serious consequences with patience removing access lines compromising their oxygen needs by self extubating (Cohen et al 2002). Following discussion with the nurse in charge of the shift it was apparent that Mr. Smith was showing behavioural signs of pain. There were no other obvious reasons as to why he had become compromised with his ventilation.When I approached the medical team concerning Mr.Smiths increasing agitation and non- compliance to ventilation I was instructed to give a bolus of propofol and fentanyl and to increase the rate of propofol and fentanyl until Mr Smith was deemed medically manageable. I was decided to increase Mr.Smiths ventilatory support. Following the treatment Mr Smith became much more stable, he became less tachypoenic was synchronising with the ventilator; his blood pressure was within acceptable limits and monitoring in sinus rhythm. The clinician did not assess Mr Smith for signs of inadequate pain management. Unfortunately due to hypoventilation and non-compliance to mechanical ventilation, Mr Smith had to be remained on high levels of ventilation and increased levels of sedatives for the next few hours emphasising evidence by Pooler-Lunse and Price(1992), the physiological complications associated with pain including Pulmonary complications and increased cardiac workload as well as depression and anxiety and increased days of hospital stay(Desbians et al 1996).Upon further reflection I should have noted Mr Smiths agitation associated with inadequate pain relief. Had I been knowledgeable in this field Mr.Smiths agitation and physiological signs of restlessness and facial grimaces would have prompted me to carry out a detailed pain assessment. Had there been a behavioural pain assessment scale on the unit where I work that may have prompted me carry out the assessment and linked these signs as indicators of inad equate pain relief. During my further assessment of Mr.Smith I had various thoughts and feelings which included feeling apprehensive and self-doubt regarding the decision to increase sedation and ventilator support. Whilst reviewing his past medication history I noticed that Mr Smith had been on regular analgesics which are co-codomol and paracetamol and there was no indication for their use in his notes. Fink R (2000) recognises that reviewing patients past pain experiences and how did he or she usually react to it can be of good value when assessing pain and can help to decide treatment options ,by questioning patients family or significant other can provide us the information about patients pain history. Later during the visiting hours Mrs Smith came to visit Mr Smith. I have given her a brief update of his condition including the changes made to his sedation and ventilation. Then I enquired to Mrs Smith about the indication of those analgesics he was on .She revealed that Mr.Smith developed back pai n when he discharged to home after undergone cholecystectomy six months ago and he was prescribed those analgesics by his G.P(General Practitioner). She also mentioned that he had problems getting optimal pain relief post operatively even when he had cholecystectomy, and he would not tolerate lying on his sides. This co-related his agitation and restlessness happened when the night staff turned him to his side. I notified these things to the ICU doctors and raised my concern that lack of adequate pain management could be the reason for Mr Smiths earlier agitation. They also agreed on this possibility and advised to change fentanyl infusion to remifentanyl and to adjust the rate of the infusion to keep Mr Smiths pain relief optimal. Remifentanyl is potent analgesics, so ensure the patient is pain free but prevents over sedating the patient, allows rapid arousal and recovery from sedation thus facilitates daily sedation holds and neurological assessment( Dhaba et al 2004). He was also prescribed regular paracetamol and Tramadol when required. It was then decided to reduce Mr.Smiths sedation as he was haemodynamically stable, he was then able to respond and started following commands. Mr. Smith was now able to communicate if he had pain or not by squeezing my hand to command. Invasive technology can restrict the reliance on many behavioural indicators of pain (Bucknall and Shannon 2003) on the other hand it is argued that invasive lines enables constant monitoring of blood pressure (B.P) and heart rate (H.R), two commonly utilised indicators of pain and thus help to assess pain (Bucknall and Shannon 2003) .Even though Mr Smith was hypertensive and tachycardic this was presumed to be due to agitation. In a contradicting statement Bucknall and Shannon(2003) points out that the sympathetic symptoms i.e. Increasing B.P and H.R are also been found to be unreliable. Pooler-Lunse and Price (1992) emphasises that the Para sympathetic stimulation can result in less observable signs with prolonged pain, but pain intensity remains unchanged. The American Society for Pain Management Nursing (ASPMN) recommendations cited in Herr k et al ( 2002) emphasises that vital signs can be affected by other distress conditions, homeostatic changes and medications there for they should not be considered as primary indicators of pain.With conflicting evidence it is difficult to make decisions that best support this assessment practice. Anand K J S,Craig K (1996), Herr K et al (2006) states that behavioural indicators are strongly recommended for pain assessment in non- verbal patients , few tools have been developed and tested in critically ill patients. The Behavioural Pain Scale (BPS) and the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) are suggested and supported by experts for using uncommunicative critically ill patients (Li-D, Puntillo, Sessler 2008). BPS was tested and validated exclusively in ventilated, unconscious patients (Payen et al 2001,Young G 2006, Aissaoui Y et al 2005).The Behavioural Pain Scale (BPS) includes three behaviours 1) facial expression 2)movements of upper limbs3)compliance with the ventilator. Each behaviour is rated on a scale from 1 to 4 for a possible total score from 3 to 12. The BPS can be used quickly (2 to 5 minutes), most clinicians were satisfied with its ease of use (Payen et al 2001). The Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) was tested in verbal and non- verbal critical ly ill adults (Gelinas C 2006,2007) its content validity supported by ICU experts including nurses and physicians (Gelinas C 2009). CPOT includes four behaviours 1) facial expression 2) body movements 3) compliance with the ventilator 4) muscle tension. Each behaviour is rated from 0 to 2 for a possible score of 0 to 8.Gelinas C and Hammond reports that feasibility and clinical utility of CPOT were positively evaluated by ICU nurses and agree it is easy to complete, simplicity to understand the usefulness for nursing practice. My experience of using a behavioural pain scale tool is limited, however I feel that if practitioners were able to assess pain more accurately then they would be able to manage there patients pain more effectively. Use of a behavioural pain score (BPS) evaluating facial expressions, limb movement and compliance with the ventilator has proved to be a valid reliable tool in practice. A recent study evaluating the reliability and use of the BPS consistently identified increases in pain scores after repositioning patients in the ICU. There were only small non- specific changes in the BPS after non painful intervention of eye care (Gelinas etal 2006). I nursed Mr Smith again 5 days later. He had since been extubated and was alert and oriented. Even though he could not remember the events when he was ventilated and sedated, he learned from his wife what had happened. He was very thankful to me for investigating the possible reason for his agitated behaviour and prompting the doctors about this and thus provide him adequate pain relief. Upon further reflection and evaluation of my assessment of Mr.Smith I feel there have been positive and negative aspects of the assessment. The positive aspects include- I have been able to gain further knowledge in various aspects and tools of pain assessment .By reviewing patients medical notes and gaining history from his wife I have linked his agitated behaviour and taken the possibility that these are signs of inadequate pain relief and I have managed to convince the medical team regarding this in order to act on it. Current research identifies multidisciplinary collaboration provides optimum care for the patient (Bucknall T, Shannon K 2003), this emphasises the need to perform regular, accurate pain assessment and care full documentation (Bucknall T, Shannon K 2003). When considering the negative aspects of my assessment I feel I did not use a holistic approach instead I considered Mr.Smiths agitated behaviour as a physical problem, I was concentrated to treat the symptoms and not the patient. As described in Roper Tinney L(1989) assessment tools achieving patient centred nursing is important. I could not identify Mr.Smiths behavioural indicators of pain primarily due to my lack of knowledge about this assessment tool as well as there was no unit assessment protocol which includes the behavioural assessment scale, Unfortunately this is not isolated, it is in fact a universal problem .Camp (1998) points out that like many speciality nurse critical care nurses and physicians recognises that there basics education was insufficient for caring for patients in pain. Accurate detection of the critically ill patients pain is not an easy task for ICU nurses especially when the patient is unable to self-report because of mechanical ventilation or due to the effects of sedatives. Stanton (1991) argues that pain assessment and management may be significantly improved by enhancing nurses knowledge combined with improved communication of the problem. NMC(2008)emphasises that having appropriate knowledge, skills and attitude towards pain, pain assessment and its management is essential to provide optimum patient care. Use of pain assessment tools is highly recommended by Kaiser(1992), identifies that an effective pain assessment tool as part of the documentation improves communication between patients and nurses as well as nurses and medical staff. Even though we had a pain assessment tool (0 to 4 numeric pain assessment scale) due its limitations on the use in non-communicative patients it was not contributing much in patients pain management. The previous practitioner documented the patients pain score is Unable to assess as the patient is sedated and ventilated. This highlights the inappropriate use of our pain tool currently being used in practice as a patient is unable to verbalise or communicate their pain if they are sedated and ventilated. Although todays guidelines strongly suggest that the use of a standardised behavioural pain scale to nurses who care for uncommunicative patients, further research is still needed to fully understand the behavioural and physiological responses of critica lly ill patients who are experiencing pain (Herr K et al 2008). On reflection my underpinning knowledge and confidence in this area of assessment has developed tremendously. I feel that I have gained knowledge and insight into an important patient assessment, from an initial lack of sufficient knowledge I am now able to bring evidence based practice in the clinical area which will benefit the patient and my colleagues. By understanding the physiology, pain assessment tools and the complications of poorly managed pain, I will have the knowledge and skills to manage these patients. The use of sedatives and analgesics places a great deal of responsibility on critical care nurses and they must understand how the drugs work , complications of their use and how to monitor effectiveness staff must understand sedation does not equate analgesia (Ashley and Given 2003). The use of an appropriate pain assessment tool and management algorithm is essential for adequate pain management. Since undertaking this study, it is of interest to note that our practice development nurse and the specialist pain nurse for ICU ,have jointly developed a behavioural pain assessment scale similar to the BPS and CPOT scale, and staffs are encouraged to use it routinely. I feel that my action plan and recommendations are to promote the use of the pain assessment tool by educating the nurses and emphasising the importance of this assessment to improve patient outcome. The need for education to train staff on how to use the tool would take both time and money. The NHS is already under extreme financial pressures and money for training is not readily available. However if an improvement in pain management was successful then patients stay may be shorter, thus having a beneficial effect. I am also aware of the importance of not relying solely on the assessment tools but the use of both good nursing assessment and assessment tools to improve optimal patient management, shortening the recovery time and reducing the likely hood of complications (Ashley and Given 2003). A sedated, ventilated, non-communicative patient is vulnerable and relies completely on those providing care for them but as to their family at this anxious time. Education and training will improve patient care and ultimately patient safety which is paramount. Therefore I will take the knowledge and information I have acquired back to my clinical area as I have a duty to provide a high standard of practise and care at all times (NMC 2008) Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-44160887683953185312020-01-17T08:03:00.001-08:002020-01-17T08:03:02.551-08:00Sports Event in SchoolSport events in our school Sports are very important in everyoneââ¬â¢s life as they give pleasure, health, discipline, happiness, self-control and sporting spirit. Sports can learn studentsââ¬â¢ physical co-ordination and social lessons about winning and losing. There is a well-known proverb ââ¬Å"All works and no play make Jack a dull boyâ⬠. It is full of wisdom. After the dayââ¬â¢s work in class, students need some healthy recreation to refresh their minds. Education without sports is really incomplete. So, sports are important in every school for clever and healthy students.They are several kinds of sports some are outdoor and some are indoor. In our school, the schoolboys play football, volleyball, basketball, table -tennis, chess, and so on. The school playground is no less important than the school lessons. It is on the playground that we learn to face defeat with a smiling face. So, the school playground helps the students to fight the battle of life like brave soldiers and heroes. Our school has two playgrounds to play football and two for playing basketball. There will be tournaments to play football in every Grade from Grade-4 to Grade-11.There is an each team in every section and so if there are six sections in Grade-9, there will be six teams and a tournament is held until there are two teams to pay the final match. All schoolboys look active and alert with their team track-suit. There are also tournaments to play each sport. Teachers in charge will take care of their pupils in playground during tournament. They give them fresh limes and purified drinking water. The red-cross schoolboys and teachers are ready to help the injured players. The Headmaster will give the prize to the winners and the champion team who gets the first prize will take a group photograph.In January, there are interschool sports competitions that include track and field sports such as running, jumping and throwing events. The running events are sprints, middle d istance races, long distance races, hurdle and relay races. The jumping events are high jump and pole vault. The throwing events are short put, discus and javelin. Team sports can be played by two teams. A team has been organized with some players. They must have team-spirit and they fight the rival team collectively. Thus team sports make one less selfish. They know the value of team work and playing together makes them friendlier.A player must have stamina and be patient. He must not easily down-hearted. If the players of one team become excited, they may lose their chance. The carelessness of one may make the team defeated. So, players are inspired team-spirit by playing team sports. A true sportsman never thinks of winning the sports by hook or by crook. He never wins victory by foul play and we know that ââ¬Å"Honesty is the best policyâ⬠. So team sports are essential to health, happiness, progress and unity. We gain a lot of benefits from playing sport events and student s should take part in these sport events. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-14147066600483080432020-01-09T04:25:00.001-08:002020-01-09T04:25:05.117-08:00Divergent by Veronica Roth Essay - 606 Words There are many great leaders in the world today, though many donââ¬â¢t know what it is that makes them great leaders. In the novel Divergent, by Veronica Roth, leadership is not just shown through the main protagonist, but also through the other characters. Four is a character in the book that possesses great leadership skills. Heââ¬â¢s dependable and provides good advice, especially to Tris who gets in a lot of troublesome situations. The qualities that make a successful leader are keeping a level head, and being ready to protect other individuals around you no matter what it may cost you. The ability to keep a level head is necessary in order to become a successful leader. For example, in chapter 16 of Divergent, Tris consoles Edward after heâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦In order to be a successful leader, one must be ready to give or do anything to ensure the safety of others. For instance, in chapter 13, Tris takes Alââ¬â¢s place when he has to stand at the target and l et knives get thrown at him. ââ¬Å"The last thing I want to do is stand in front of that target, but I canââ¬â¢t back don now.â⬠(Roth 208). Even though Tris was reluctant about taking Alââ¬â¢s place, she showed good leadership skills by risking her own life to save someone elseââ¬â¢s. Another great example of this is in chapter 25.â⬠I dart in front of him and the belt cracks against my wrist, wrapping around it.â⬠(Roth 412) In this quote Tris takes Tobiasââ¬â¢s place during his fear landscape. She does it to protect him, though she could have just stood there and let him get hit. She quickly reacts and sacrifices herself, she as ready to do anything to protect him. These things are done often by world leaders; they have to be prepared to protect others. Though possessing this quality sounds dangerous it is very important for a successful leader to have. They are the people others look up to and expect to keep them from harm. Sometimes to protect others wo rld leaders have to throw their own lives on the line, even if it could mean the end of them. Many great leadersââ¬â¢ today possess qualities that make them successful leaders, such as keeping calm, or being ready to protect others. Being able to stay calm in a situation is a majorShow MoreRelatedDivergent by Veronica Roth785 Words à |à 3 PagesDivergent, by author Veronica Roth, is noted on the New York Bestseller list. It is the first book in the trilogy series of novels for young adults that further expands the look and feel of the dystopian genre in young adult fiction. It has a feeling similar in comparison to the book Hunger Games and The Maze Runner yet it has many differences. 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Triss aptitude Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-23752092476035942862020-01-01T00:51:00.001-08:002020-01-01T00:51:02.706-08:00Essay about Breast Cancer Speech Outline - 991 Words Topic: Breast Cancer Specific Purpose Statement: To inform my audience about breast cancer Pattern of Organization: Topical Order I. INTRODUCTION: A. Attention Grabber: Iââ¬â¢m sure many of you know of or have heard of Giuliana Rancic. Well if not, she is a news anchor for the tv channel E! and often co-hosts red carpet events such as the Golden Globes and the Academy Awards. Giuliana is a very busy and successful woman and on top of everything that she juggles, last October she was diagnosed with breast cancer. Soon after finding out that Giuliana had cancer, she underwent a lumpectomy, which was unsuccessful in getting rid of all the cancer cells. 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Main Point 3: Depending on the stage of cancer, treatments can vary. I will be telling you a few important facts provided by NationalBreastCancer.org to know going into treatments and also the different types. 1. One of the most important factors in treatments is finding a doctor that you can feel comfortable around and satisfied with in terms of his/her opinion. This is because cancer is such an emotional process and you want to be able to feel personable with your doctor. 2. Standard treatments and Clinical trials are both usedShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech Outline-Kab Essay816 Words à |à 4 PagesInformative Speech Outline General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform Students about The Keep-A-Breast Organization Central Idea: Iââ¬â¢d like to inform students about The History of Keep-A-Breast Organization, Who the Keep-A-Breast Organization is, and how they get young adults interested in Prevention of Breast Cancer. Introduction I. Breast CancerRead MoreBetty Ford and Her Time in Office1786 Words à |à 7 Pagesliberated women and to embrace many socially taboo issues with openness. As First Lady and cohort to President Gerald Ford (1974-1977), Betty Ford used candor and her national power to influence the controversial topics of premarital sex, abortion, breast cancer, mental illness, and womenââ¬â¢s rights, further helping to restore public confidence in the sanctity of the presidency. Her prominent and consistently forthright manner, both in the White House and even post-Presidency, was manifest largely in popularRead MoreEffects of Alcoholism on the Human Health and Social Life837 Words à |à 3 Pageshealth and social life General purpose/objective The speech is aimed at highlighting the negative effects that excessive intake of alcohol and habitual alcoholism can have on the social aspects of a person and the health repercussions of the aforementioned behavior. The content of the speech is largely informative and in very small part persuasive for people to reconsider their drinking habits. Specific purpose The specific objective of the speech is to give informative facts about the negative effectsRead MoreInformative Speech : Plastic Surgery819 Words à |à 4 PagesINFORMATIVE SPEECH OUTLINE Topic: Plastic Surgery Specific purpose: Allowing people to know the pros and cons of plastic surgery. Thesis: The cosmetic, issues, and beauty. We need to understand every possible outcome while considering plastic surgery. Introduction I. Attention-getter: Modern plastic surgeons can alter almost any aspect of physical appearance, from facial features to body shape. II. Credibility statement: According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 14.6 million plasticRead MoreInformative Speech : Speech On Drinking Tea Essay953 Words à |à 4 PagesQuyen Brendon Duc Nguyen Professor Nina Kotelyan Coms 151 1 March 2016 Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about tea Informative Speech Outline Introduction Attention getter: Ever heard of healthy water? Geez it already sounds disgusting, but actually itââ¬â¢s quite tasteful. This healthy water that I speak of, is tea. Drinking tea is one of the simplest things that can benefit your health. Thesis: Growing up, I have seen my grandparents and all the other adults in my family drink tea. So I haveRead MoreEssay on Legalizing Marijuana-Persuasive Outline941 Words à |à 4 PagesBilly Bob Joe Good Example Persuasive Speech Outline Purpose: To persuade my audience to: support the legalization of marijuana, because of it being able to provide many medical as well as economic benefits for the United States if legalized. Thesis Statement: Marijuana has been regarded as a harmful plant that can endanger lives and is thought to be nothing more than an extra problem to be dealt with in todayââ¬â¢s society. However, based on its economic value and medical benefits, theRead MoreSpeech Outline On The Perils Of Cosmetic Surgery Essay1230 Words à |à 5 PagesVu Vo (Vincent) Dana-Jean Smith CMST 110 13 October 2016 Informative Speech Outline on The Perils of Cosmetic Surgery I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: ââ¬Å"I prefer artificial beauty to natural uglinessâ⬠is a phrase that currently seems to be gaining popularity with many girls and women around the world. However, relatively few of them can comprehend the unsafe risks behind the artificial beauty. B. Introduce Topic and Significance: 1. These days, cosmetic surgery has quickly built up everywhereRead MorePersuasive Speech Outline994 Words à |à 4 Pages10/31/12 Persuasive Speech Outline I. ADG- It is not a myth why people call fast food disgusting. On a Friday night during my graveyard shift at McDonaldââ¬â¢s a drunken customer passed by the Drive-Thru around 2:30a.m.While my coworker was taking his order the customer decided to cuss and call her really offensive names because she couldnââ¬â¢t get his order right. She got mad and decided to spit in the customers Sweet Tea, she was immediately fired when another coworker told the manager. Since I startedRead MoreManny Pacquiao Essay777 Words à |à 4 PagesBrian Katz Public Speaking Professor Jill Strahl Outline on Manny Pacquiao SPECIFIC PURPOSE: To give a 5-6 Minute speech on Manny Pacquiao THESIS:à More specifically, the Boxer, the Philanthropist and the Politician. INTRODUCTION I. Attention grabber:à Pound for pound, Manny is the best boxer in the world, but even more important than holding that distinction, Manny has connected with the people of his home country, the Philippines, to the point where he is almost like a god.Read MoreAdolf Hitler Essay1277 Words à |à 6 PagesArts where he took the two day entrance exam, but failed, and resolved to take the exam a year later. He was now living in Vienna, living off his inheritance which he had withdrawn from the bank. Hitlers Mother was dying from breast cancer and Hitler returned to the family home to care and look after her as her condition worsened. In December 1907 she died. Hitler was Devastated. With his two parents now dead, Hitler returned to Vienna. Hitler roomed with his friend Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-26205829469113703262019-12-23T20:35:00.001-08:002019-12-23T20:35:03.852-08:00Epic Of Gilgamesh The Epic Hero - 1641 Words Gilgamesh is an ancient Mesopotamian hero, featured in the famous tale of ââ¬Å"The Epic of Gilgameshâ⬠, who embarks on a perilous quest for immortality. This idea, ââ¬Å"â⬠¦touches on the most fundamental questions of what it actually means to be humanâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (Homer 33), and gives us light into the minds of the people during the era. Gilgameshââ¬â¢s tale gives us a glimpse at how the people of that day viewed a ââ¬Å"heroâ⬠, and allows us to reflect upon what we consider a ââ¬Å"heroâ⬠today. Using the Epic Hero Cycle, I will analyze Gilgameshââ¬â¢s life and journey and analyze why I feel that he is truly a hero. In order to fully focus on why I feel Gilgamesh is a true hero, I must address and reflect on his life, who he really is, and most of all the views of the people of that era. Uncommon to popular belief, the Epic of Gilgamesh was not written as a single work by one particular author. The Epic of Gilgamesh has been told down from generation s and has been declared the oldest specimen of great literature. According to Abusch, ââ¬Å"The epic of Gilgamesh discovered and reconstructed in the century and a half since the libraries of Nineveh were first excavated has taken its place with a biblical and Homeric text among the great literary text of the ancient word,â⬠(8.) and rightfully deserves so. Where it is true that the epic focuses on Gilgamesh as being the protagonist and a powerful warrior, it is rarely credited that Gilgamesh was a real King Watson 2 who ruled around 2700 BCE. Whether or not the storiesShow MoreRelatedThe Hero Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh911 Words à |à 4 Pagesstereotypical, sympathetic hero; the Batmans and Supermans who lose their parents in tragic circumstances and devote their lives to vanquishing evil. That however, is not the way heroes have always been portrayed. When we look at The Epic of Gilgamesh we see the archetype of every hero since, however, we are not overcome with a desire to see Gilgamesh succeed. On the hand, if we fast forward two thousand years and look at a hero from Africa named Sundiata who is very similar to Gilgamesh in many aspects, weRead MoreThe Hero Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh1759 Words à |à 8 Pages In the ââ¬Å"Epic of Gilgameshâ⬠, it is easy to conclude that Gilgamesh, the protagonist of the story, is the hero. In ââ¬Å"Like Mayflies in a Streamâ⬠, Gilgamesh is merely a scary person who appears in the story here or there rather than being the protagonist. Inst ead, Shamhat is the main person that the story focuses on, but the book is imprecise on one hero of the entire story. There are numerous characters that could reflect hero aspects such as going on a quest, having another to help guide them, or facingRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh : The Jeopardy Of A Hero1271 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Jeopardy of a Hero The Epic of Gilgamesh was an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia. The Epic of Gilgamesh, is often known as the earliest surviving great work of literature, by an unknown author but translated by N.K. Sanders. The epic poem, tells a creative story about a bold hero named Gilgamesh. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a story that takes place in Summer of Uruk, in the Middle East around 2700 B.C. Gilgamesh is half man, half god. Enkidu, Gilgameshââ¬â¢s friend is a man that was created fromRead MoreEpic of Gilgamesh: a Hero Essay1615 Words à |à 7 PagesStill, there is a great difficulty that lies in defining what a hero truly is. Strength alone does not make a hero; nor does intelligence. Moreover, the Epic of Gilgamesh truly defines the definition of a hero. Gilgamesh is portrayed as a true hero through his skill, intelligence, willingness to die, reverence, and his respect for death. Throughout the entire epic, Gilgamesh demonstrates outrageous skill as a warrior and leader. ââ¬Å"Gilgamesh is strong to perfection.â⬠ââ¬Å"He is an awesome beast with unmatchedRead MoreThe Characteristics Of A Hero Journey In The Epic Of Gilgamesh1035 Words à |à 5 PagesIt it no surprise that the hero story is present in a variety of the arts ranging from the earliest surviving work of literature, to childrenââ¬â¢s books, to modern day motion picture masterpieces. The characteristics of a hero have withstood the test of time, and remained remarkably similar. Traits of a modern day hero can be traced back to ââ¬Å"The Epic of Gilgameshâ⬠which dates back to two-thousand BC. This reflects the power of a hero and its message that it portrays to audiences of all ages and backgroundsRead MoreA Hero in the Epic of Gilgamesh and The Novel Monkey1858 Words à |à 8 Pages Hero is a word that is commonplace in our society. We seem to always be able to turn on the lates t news story and find the newest local man who saved that beautiful kitten from that building that was burning down. When we say hero a vast array of different definitions come to peopleââ¬â¢s minds. Our definition of hero in our world is most definitely not a constant. In the Epic of Gilgamesh and the novel Monkey many would consider the main characters and their strongest companions nothing close toRead MoreThe Hero s Journey From The Epic Of Gilgamesh942 Words à |à 4 Pages Gilgamesh was a powerful king of Uruk an ancient city in Sumer now known as Iraq. Created by the gods, Gilgamesh was 2/3 god and 1/3 man he thought of himself as undefeatable, and carried himself immorally, taking advantage of his people. Being tired of this the people of Uruk began sobbing, and the goddess Aruru heard their cries and created Gilgamesh s equal Enkidu. Together they would go on to venture into battles, one of which leads to the death of Enkidu that brings Gilgamesh to his veryRead Mor e Comparing the Hero in Epic of Gilgamesh and Homers Iliad Essay730 Words à |à 3 PagesThe Hero in Epic of Gilgamesh and the Iliad à One and the same lot for the man who hangs back and the man who battles hard. The same honor waits for the coward and the brave. They both go down to Death, the fighter who shirks, the one who works to exhaustion. (IX,385-88) Thus muses Achilles, one of epic poetrys greatest heroes. Epic poetry, one of the earliest forms of literature, began as an oral narration describing a series of mythical or historic events. EventuallyRead MoreOdysseus Or Gilgamesh - Will The Real Epic Hero Please Stand Up?1640 Words à |à 7 PagesOdysseus or Gilgamesh - Will the real Epic Hero please stand up? ââ¬Å"Gilgamesh went to the entrance into the mountain and entered the darkness alone, without a companion. By the time he reached the end of the first league the darkness was total, nothing behind or before. He made his way, companionless, to the endâ⬠(Book 9 p. 51, The Epic of Gilgamesh). In The Epic of Gilgamesh, an epic poem translated by N.K. Sanders, Gilgamesh is a character who is by all accounts an epic hero. As a person of nobilityRead More Creation, Flood and the Hero in Epic of Gilgamesh and Book of Genesis of the Christian Bible1020 Words à |à 5 PagesCreation, Flood and the Hero in Gilgamesh and the Bible à The Epic of Gilgamesh compares to the Bible in many different ways. The epic has a different perspective than the Bible does. This paper is a contrast and comparison between the two books. The three main points of this paper will be the Creation, Flood and the Hero. à The way these two books start out is creation. This is the first similarity that we can state. God created man out of the earth, ââ¬Å"In the beginning God created Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-42632104718105626262019-12-15T17:05:00.001-08:002019-12-15T17:05:03.423-08:00Biology Post Lab on Osmosis and Diffusion Free Essays Brian Toohey Biology Mrs. Heimforth 12/06/10 Diffuse the Osmosis Section 2: Introduction Step 1: The scientific concept of this lab was to see how osmosis transferred the substance through the cells to reach equilibrium. Step 2: My hypothesis was that the bag with 60% sucrose then it would be heavier than the bag with tap water or 30% sucrose. We will write a custom essay sample on Biology Post Lab on Osmosis and Diffusion or any similar topic only for you Order Now I thought this because I thought that there would be more of a substance change in 60% sucrose. Section 3: Methods First get 3 pieces of the same length of tubing then get 6 pieces of string. Fold one half of the tube over and tie the end with string.Then add 5 ml of 30% sucrose solution in the tubes. Squeeze the bag gently to release air fold it over and tie it with another piece of string. Rinse bags under water then dry. Then weigh bags to nearest tenth of a gram and record. Then place one bag in each of the beakers. Then let them sit for 30 minutes do not touch. Remove bags quickly rinse and dry and reweigh. Then record results. Section 4: Results Step 1: | 60% sucrose | 30% sucrose | Tap Water | before | 6. 2 | 4. 6 | 5. 4 | after | 4. 3 | 4. 5 | 4. 8 | Step 2: As the sucrose decreases so does the weight.I have found that when you decrease the amount of sucrose it will cause the water to go outward making the bag weigh less. Section 5: Step 1: The lab experimentation did not support my hypothesis because the weight decreased more with the sucrose. Step 2: The specific data that made my hypothesis wrong is the fact that when we added less sucrose the after weight decreased as shown in my graph. Step 3: The results did not support my hypothesis because when the water was greater on the inside it went outside by using osmosis but when the water was greater on the outside it went inside making the bag heavier.Step 4: When we were conducting the experiment one bag might have sat in the cups to long. Step 5: I have learned that water is the only thing that can be sent through the cell without using energy. I also learned that through diffusion smell spreads. Step 6: I learned that it is very hard to keep track of things you donââ¬â¢t label it takes a lot of memory. ;)Section 6: References Postlehwait, John H. , and Janet L. Hopson. Modern Biology. Austin: Holt, Rinehard, and Winston, 2006. 65-73. Print How to cite Biology Post Lab on Osmosis and Diffusion, Papers Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-47814273508895406832019-12-07T13:48:00.001-08:002019-12-07T13:48:05.554-08:00Cultural Literacy According To ED Hirsch Essay free essay sample Cultural Literacy Harmonizing To E.D. Hirsch Essay, Research Paper Cultural Literacy Harmonizing to E.D. Hirsch Harmonizing to E.D. Hirsch, to be culturally literate is to possess the basic information to boom in the modern universe. It is the # 8220 ; grasp on the background information that authors and talkers assume their audience already has. # 8221 ; In his book, Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know, Hirsch sets away 5,000 indispensable words and phrases of which each individual should be knowing. The list ranges from parlances to mythology, from scientific discipline to fairy narratives. Why has this list prompted a noteworthy argument on our state # 8217 ; s educational criterions? E.D. Hirsch believes that the literacy of American people has been quickly worsening. The long scope redress for reconstructing and bettering American literacy must be to # 8220 ; establish a policy of leaving common information in our schools. # 8221 ; In short, harmonizing to Hirsch # 8211 ; the reply to our job lies within the list. Hirsch # 8217 ; s book explains the importance of the demand of a higher degree of national literacy. His chief statement is that cultural literacy is required for effectual communicating and the # 8220 ; cooperation of many people # 8230 ; # 8221 ; Communication is what Hirsch sees is indispensable for success in today # 8217 ; s society. Communication is the key to equality in America. With increased cultural literacy, an classless society is finally possible. One common organic structure of cognition for everyone will be the gum that holds society together. Hirsch besides points out the inanity of constructs such as multi-culturalism and multi-lingualism. He acknowledges the importance of the legion civilizations and ethnicities of which United States is comprised. Hirsch mentions the # 8220 ; hyphenated American: the Italo-American, the Polish-American, the Afro- American, the Asian-American and so forth. # 8221 ; He points out that he is in favour of each minority # 8217 ; s protection, raising, and regard ; nevertheless, he strongly experience that people need to make up ones mind what # 8220 ; ? American # 8217 ; means on the other side of the dash # 8230 ; what national values and traditions truly belong to national cultural literacy. # 8221 ; American cultural literacy should be based on our traditions # 8211 ; morality of tolerance and benevolence, the Golden Rule, communal cooperation, selflessness and freedom. It is in this manner that Hirsch argues those in resistance of cultural literacy. Many oppositions question Hirsch # 8217 ; s position by oppugning who would make up ones mind this common organic structure of cognition for everyone. People argument what is includedin # 8220 ; the list # 8221 ; on the footing of multiculturism. They ask, is the cognition every bit of import to every citizen of the United States no affair what race, gender or faith? Hirsch responds by seting the accent on the other side of the dash # 8211 ; the American side. When reading Hirsch # 8217 ; s book, I strongly agreed with his large image of cultural literacy and agree that it is of import to set up a common organic structure of cognition for pupils dwelling of of import degree Fahrenheits Acts of the Apostless. However, I think Hirsch takes it a measure excessively far by consisting a sample list that deliberately excludes Americans that are of different beginning. Hirsch needs to maintain in head that the United States was founded on the ideal that anyone and everyone should be free and equal # 8212 ; no affair where they come from or who they are. In kernel # 8211 ; multi- culturalism is a portion of America # 8217 ; s foundation and I think that pupils should be educated on that land no affair what Hirsch # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; list # 8221 ; says. I believe that Hirsch # 8217 ; s positions sing multi-culturalism and multi-lingualism are wholly one sided and excessively utmost to be applied in today # 8217 ; s typical American schoolroom. Although it is simple to conceive of the glorious result of a state that is to the full literate and educated in several countries, one must look at the inside informations. In malice of Dewey # 8217 ; s radical doctrine on instruction, Hirsch stands wholly face-to-face. Dewey # 8217 ; s doctrine stresses the important function of experience in a pupil # 8217 ; s instruction and development. His system would fix the pupil for life in the # 8220 ; existent universe # 8221 ; # 8212 ; for mundane interactions with equal and colleagues. Hirsch criticizes methods advocated by Dewey and Rousseau by stating that a kid demands to # 8220 ; learn the traditions of the peculiar human society and civilization it is born into # 8230 ; .American kids need traditional information at a really early age. # 8221 ; But what function does traditional information drama in today # 8217 ; s society? Hirsch longs for the historic educational system of memorisation. He plans for the pupil to utilize this information when engaging in slightly rational treatments and reading stuffs by fixing him for the writer # 8217 ; s brief allusions and mentions. For the bulk of Americans who are working blue- neckband occupations # 8212 ; traditional information dramas virtually no function at all. The memorisation of day of the months and names was merely a waste of clip in the schoolroom ; their instruction is non being applied to their life styles. This kind of instruction may be of import for some people in the United States, but non everyone can memorise day of the months and names, the truth is # 8211 ; non everyone needs to. Therefore, I think the best sort of instruction will unite the theories of Dewey and Hirsch. This could be done by affecting hands-on experiences in add-on to a lesson or talk. Too much of either type of instruction merely won # 8217 ; t be advantageous to pupils once they are out of school. I found Cultural Literacy peculiarly interesting because of the fact that I am go toing Colgate University, a broad humanistic disciplines school. It is the mission of a broad humanistic disciplines school to educate each pupil in several different countries and for each pupil to go knowing of a nucleus course of study. In a sense, this is what Hirsch wants for every school in the United States. From my experience, Hirsch # 8217 ; s position does hold cogency, but he has a inclination to undervalue the importance of a pupil # 8217 ; s involvement in the learning processCoprights: Jens Shriver Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-3764781597024435492019-11-30T01:31:00.001-08:002019-11-30T01:31:02.985-08:00Software Piracy Essays - Warez, Software Licenses, Software Piracy Software piracy is defined as the illegal copying of software for commercial or personal gain. Software companies have tried many methods to prevent piracy, with varying degrees of success. Several agencies like the Software Publishers Association and the Business Software Alliance have been formed to combat both worldwide and domestic piracy. Software piracy is an unresolved, worldwide problem, costing millions of dollars in lost revenue. Software companies have used many different copy protection schemes. The most annoying form of copy protection is the use of a key disk. This type of copy protection requires the user to insert the original disk every time the program is run. It can be quite difficult to keep up with disks that are years old. The most common technique of copy protection requires the user to look up a word or phrase in the program's manual. This method is less annoying than other forms of copy protection, but it can be a nuisance having to locate the manual every time. Software pirates usually have no trouble "cracking" the program, which permanently removes the copy protection. After the invention of CD-ROM, which until lately was uncopyable, most software companies stopped placing copy protection in their programs. Instead, the companies are trying new methods of disc impression. 3M recently developed a new technology of disc impression which allows companies to imprint an image on the read side of a CD-ROM. This technology would not prevent pirates from copying the CD, but it would make a "bootleg" copy differ from the original and make the copy traceable by law enforcement officials (Estes 89). Sometimes, when a person uses a pirated program, there is a "virus" attached to the program. Viruses are self-replicating programs that, when activated, can damage a computer. These viruses are most commonly found on pirated computer games, placed there by some malignant computer programmer. In his January 1993 article, Chris O' Malley points out that if piracy was wiped out viruses would eventually disappear (O' Malley 60). There are ways that a thrifty consumer can save money on software without resorting to piracy. Computer companies often offer discounts on new software if a person has previously purchased an earlier version of the software. Competition between companies also drives prices low and keeps the number of pirated copies down (Morgan 45). People eventually tire or outgrow their software and decide to sell it. Usually, there is no problem transferring the program from one person to another unless the original owner had been bound by a license agreement. In order for the new owner to legally own the software, the old owner must tell the company, in writing, that he would like to transfer the license to the new owner. Most people fail to notify the company when selling software, thus making the unsuspecting new owner a software pirate (Morgan 46). Consumers must be careful when dealing with used software. United States copyright law allows consumers to place a copy of a program on their computer and also make another copy for backup purposes, in case the original disk fails or is destroyed. Some software companies use licensing agreements to restrict people from making more than one copy of a program. Such use of agreements can make an average consumer into a software pirate, in his effort to make sure his expensive software is safe (Murdoch 2). Before 1990 movie rental stores could rent computer software. People who rented the software would copy the software before returning it. In defense, Congress passed the Software Rental Act, outlawing the rental of software. Even though illegal, many stores and even some software companies still rent software. Since retail space in stores is extremely limited, companies could rent older software that did not have a good showing in retail stores (Champion 128). Software companies could take an idea from the home video industry. The larger video makers found that if they sold videos in foreign countries through their own dealerships, the amount of piracy decreased (Weisband 33). A rather unique strategy used by American software manufactures helps raise local interest in stopping software piracy. Companies invest money to begin software corporations in foreign countries. After a few years, the US companies hope that the new, foreign companies will initiate their own anti-piracy organizations (Weisband 30). Microsoft has led the venture by creating small software companies to help battle piracy. By doing this, the companies would want to report piracy because they would be losing money just like American companies are doing now (Weisband 33). The Software Publishers Association, based in Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-70060047799314167002019-11-25T22:58:00.001-08:002019-11-25T22:58:03.135-08:00How to Write a ThesisHow to Write a Thesis Writing a thesis is a task that requires a lot of time, diligence, and skill. It cannot be easily done by a person doing part-time job or by students who are taking too many classes at the same time. Anyhow, writing a thesis is something that should not be considered a troublesome thing. There is no kind of complication at all when you are writing a thesis. You can write a good thesis in no time with just a few instructions. You just have to keep a few points in your mind and you will be able to write a thesis that will outshine all that you have ever seen. Just keep these instructions in mind and you will be able to say that thesis writing is not that hard after all: 1.à à à Keep the instructions that you have for your thesis in mind. You can get thesis formats, styles, and samples on the internet. Be precise. You should know exactly what you want. 2.à à à Take good care that you have at least twice the amount of material needed for writing the thesis. Keep a backup copy of your thesis to prevent unavoidable losses. 3.à à à Take special care to use the number of references specified in the instruction. The number might exceed but citing fewer references than specified will automatically turn your thesis from a good thesis to a bad one. 4.à à à Make use of good language. Do not use phrases that are too flowery or rich and avoid going into unnecessary details. Be precise and direct. Using indirect gestures in writing is also a bad sign. 5.à à à Make sure that the thesis does not make use of plagiarized material. Nothing can tarnish more your reputation as a student. For more information about custom thesis writing, and to find guidelines on how to write a good thesis, you are welcome to use our custom writing service. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-52596505561245721692019-11-22T06:22:00.001-08:002019-11-22T06:22:06.382-08:00Cadbury India CADBURY(the marketing strategies of Cadbury India Ltd. ) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any task is incomplete without the mention of people who made it possible. So I take this as a great opportunity to pen down a few lines about the people to whom my acknowledgement is due. It is with the deepest sense of gratitude that I wish to place on record my sincere thanks â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. , my project guide for providing me inspiration, encouragement, guidance, help and valuable suggestions throughout the project. I would also like to thank all my respondent for giving me their valuable time and information. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgement Page No. 1 Part I Chapter 1 Abstract Page No. 2 Chapter 2 Introduction Page No. 6 Chapter 3 Agency Profile Page No. 19 Part II Chapter 4 Research Design Page No. 29 Chapter 5 Servicing Analysis Interpretation Page No. 34 Chapter 6 Data Analysis Page No. 68 Chapter 7 Finding, Conclusion Suggestion Page No. 81 Part III Chapter 8 Appendices Annexure Page No. 6 Chapter 9 Bibliography Page No. 89 PREFACE The success of any business entity solely depends on how effectively does it utilizes its optimum resources and how soon does it make arrangements for the removal of the customerââ¬â¢s grievances. Moreover, the company should always be ready to make necessary changes according to the requirements in order to attract more customers so as to maintain a substantial growth in the market. The topic given to me was: ââ¬Å"JOURNEY TO ZENITH OF CADBURYâ⬠I have tried to put my best efforts to complete this task on the basis of skill that I have achieved during my studies in the institute. I have tried to put my maximum effort to get the accurate statistical data. If there is any error or any mistake in collecting the data, please correct it in the best way as I am still learning. CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION Introduction The Cadburyââ¬â¢s Inc has taken the opportunity to offer us a broader view of chocolate category. The Cadbury Indiaââ¬â¢s no. 1 Chocolate is able to share with their market insights based upon unparalleled breath of chocolate experience. Cadbury has grown from strength to strength with new technologies being introduced to make the Cadbury confectionary business, one of the most efficient in the world. The merge in 1969 with Schweppes and the subsequent development of the business have led to Cadbury Schweppes taking the led in both, the confectionary and soft drink market intech UK and becoming a major force in the international market. Cadbury Schweppes today manufactures product in 60 countries and a trade in staggering 120. The Cadbury story is a fascinating story of a family business that grew in one of the biggest, most loved chocolate brand in the world. A story that you will remember as the story of ââ¬Å"The taste of lifeâ⬠. CHAPTER-2 OBJECTIVE OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT My main objective of the study on this project is to demonstrate the marketing strategies of Cadbury India Ltd. And to arrive at my findings, I have done few analyses:- (a) SWOT Analysis (b) PEST Analysis And also 5 Pââ¬â¢s of Marketing:- â⬠¢ Product â⬠¢ Price â⬠¢ Physical Distribution â⬠¢ Promotion â⬠¢ Positioning CHAPTER-3 RESERCH METHODOLOGY RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Achieving accuracy in any research requires in depth study regarding the subject. As the prime objective of the project is to compare Cadbury with the existing competitors in the market and the impact of Nestle on Cadbury, the research methodology adopted is basically based on primary data via which the most recent and accurate piece of first hand information could be collected. Secondary data has been used to support primary data wherever needed. Primary data was collected using the following techniques Questionnaire Method Observation Method The main tool used was, the questionnaire method, observation method has been continuous with the questionnaire method, as one continuously observes the surrounding environment he works in. Procedure of research methodology # Target geographic area was Delhi. NCR and Aligarh. # To these geographical area questionnaire was given. # Finally the collected data and information was analyzed and compiled to arrive at data the conclusion and recommendations given. Sources of secondary Used to obtain information on , Cadbury and its competitor history, current issues, policies, procedures etc, wherever required. # Internet # Magazines Newspapers CHAPTER-4 ABOUT CADBURY THE LEGEND CALLED CADBURY 1824 ââ¬â A business was opened in 1824 by a young Quaker, John Cadbury, in Bull street Birmingham was to be the foundation of Cadbury Limited, now one of the worldââ¬â¢s largest producer of chocolate. 1831 ââ¬â By this year the business had changed from a grocery shop and John Cadbury had become a manufacturer of drinking chocolate and cocoa. This was the start of Cadbury manufacturing business as it is known today. A larger factory in Bridge Street Birmingham was rented in 1847, John Cadbury was joined by his brother Birmingham and the business became Cadbury Brother of Birmingham. 861 ââ¬â John Cadbury resigned his business and handed over to his sons, Richard, 25 and George, 21 who after 5 difficult years almost shut down the business to take up other vocation. Fortunately for generation of chocolate lovers, they didnââ¬â¢t. 1866 ââ¬â Saw a turning point for the company with the introduction of a process for pressing the cocoa butter from the coca beans. This not only enabled Cadbury Brothers to produce pure coca essence, but the plentiful supply of coca butter remaining was also used to make new kind of eating chocolate. The essence was advertised as ââ¬ËAbsolutely pure, therefore bestââ¬â¢. 1879 ââ¬â Business prospered from this time and Cadbury Brother outgrew the Bridge Street factory, moving in 1879 to a ââ¬ËGreenfieldââ¬â¢ site some miles from the center of Birmingham which came to call Bourneville. The opening of the Cadbury factory in a garden also heralded a new era in industrial relations and employee welfare with joint consultation being just one of the introduced by the pioneering Cadbury Brothers. 1899 ââ¬â In this year the business private limited company ââ¬â Cadbury Brothers Limited progress since the start of the century. Chocolate has moved being a ââ¬Å"luxuryâ⬠item to well within the financial reach of everyone. 1905 ââ¬â Cadbury has many famous brands with one of major success story being Cadburyââ¬â¢s Dairy Milk chocolate launched in 1905, today Britainââ¬â¢s favorite moduled chocolate bar. Cadbury today is the market leader in the U. K chocolate confectionary market, employing the most advanced processing technology and management information and control techniques. The company is the confectionary division of Cadbury Schweppes plc which is major force in the confectionary and soft drinks international market. World wide Cadbury is one of the pre ââ¬â eminent names in confectionary with impressive range of famous brands. Quality has been the focus of the Cadbury business from the very beginning as generations have worked to produce chocolate with that very special taste, smoothness and snap, so characteristics of Cadburyââ¬â¢s chocolate. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Design Development Milk chocolate for eating was first made by Cadbury in 1897 by adding milk powder paste to the dark chocolate recipe of cocoa mass, cocoa butter and sugar. By todayââ¬â¢s standards this chocolate was not particularly good as it was very coarse and dry and was not sweet or milky enough for public tastes. At that time there was a great deal of competition in the U. K from continental manufactures, not only the French with their fancy chocolates but also from the Swiss, who were renowned for their milk chocolate. Led by George Cadbury junior, the Bourneville experts set out to meet the challenge. A considerable amount of time and money was spent on research and new plant design to produce the new chocolate in much large quantities. A new recipe was formulated fresh milk and new production processes were developed to produce milk ââ¬â chocolate not merely as good as Swiss chocolate but better than the imported milk chocolate. Four years of hard work were invested in the project and in 1905 what was to be Cadburyââ¬â¢s top selling brand was launched. Three names were considered Jersey, Highland Milk and Dairy Maid. Dairy Maid became Dairy Milk and Cadburyââ¬â¢s Dairy Milk with its unique flavor and smooth creamy texture was ready to challenge the Swiss domination of the milk chocolate market. By 1913 it had become the companyââ¬â¢s best selling line and in the mid twenties Cadburyââ¬â¢s Dairy Milk gained its status as the brand leader, a position that it has held ever since. Today more than 250 million bars of Cadburyââ¬â¢s Dairy Milk are made every year and sales reach over 100 million Pound in value. While advertising and label design have changed with fashion and considerable strides have been made in manufacturing technologies, the recipe for Cadburyââ¬â¢s Dairy Milk its ââ¬Ëglass and a half of full cream milk in every half pound producedââ¬â¢ is still basically the same as when it was launched. Cadburyââ¬â¢s Dairy Milk Story Chocolate has been enjoyed by successive generation since the manufacturing process was developed in the Victorian Times. Good chocolatiers is an art form depending on recipe traditions, which have grown over the years. Chocolatiers have use their skills to make balanced recipe in which all the ingredients combine to produced chocolate with all the characteristics that enable full delicious taste to be enjoyed by the consumers. By todayââ¬â¢s standards the first chocolate for eating would have been considered quite unpalatable. It was the introduction of the Van Houten cocoa press from Holland that was the major break through in the chocolate production as it provided extra cocoa butter needed to make a smooth glossy chocolate. Cadburyââ¬â¢s Milk Tray ââ¬â 1915 Milk Tray has maintained its popularity in the changing world since the milk chocolate assortment made with the famous Cadburyââ¬â¢s Dairy Milk chocolate was first introduced in 1915. The name ââ¬Ëtrayââ¬â¢ derived from the way in which the original assortment was delivered to the shops. Originally Milk Tray was packed in five and as half pound boxes, arranged on trays from which it was sold loose to customers. The half pound deep ââ¬â lidded box with the traditional purple background and gold script was introduced in 1916, followed by one pound box in 1924. With its stylish, without frills presentation Milk Tray was the assortment for everyday, not just special occasion and it represented the best buy in the chocolate for millions of people. The pack design has been regularly updated and the assortment itself has changed in line with consumers taste and preferences. By the end mid ââ¬â thirties the Cadburyââ¬â¢s Milk Tray assortment outsold all its competitions and today it is still one of the most popular boxes of chocolates in this country. Cadbury Schweppes Cadbury Schweppes plc, a global beverage and confectionary giant with annual sale of Rs 20,000 crores ,is the worlds number one non ââ¬â cola soft drink company having bottling and partnership operations in 14 countries and franchises of its brand in a further 86 countries around the world. Its Hundred Percent subsidiary in India named Cadbury Schweppes Beverage India (private) Limited (CSBIL) started operation in March 1995. The first brand was launched was Crush which was later followed by Canada Dry, Schweppes Tonic Water, Schweppes Bitter Lemon. CSBIL with its franchise agreement with 19 bottling plants throughout India proposes to be a household name. It has a policy for FOBOs (Franchise owned bottling operations ) unlike Coke and Pepsi which prefer COBO,s (Company owned bottling operations). In FOBO the beverages company only supplies the concentrate and the marketing support to build brand equity. The other aspects like machinery, bottling line, land and distribution is the responsibility of the bottler. As its CEO Mr. Ashok Jain says, ââ¬Å"we are the software, they are the hardwareâ⬠. PRODUCT PROFILE CHAPTER-5 SWOT AND PEST ANALYSIS OF CADBURY SWOT ANALYSIS Strength 1. Very strong brand equity in India. 2. Due to its 54 years presence in India ââ¬â has deep penetration ââ¬â 2100 distributors; 450,000 retailers, 60 mid urban (22%) customers. 3. Three sectors; Chocs (70% share), Confec (4%), food drinks (14% leader in brown segment). 4. Low cost of production due to economic of scale. That means higher profits. Better market penetration. 5. Second best manufacturing location throughout Cadbury Schweppes. Weakness 1. Poor technology in India compared to current international technologies (Godiva, Mozart, Fazer, Dint, Naushans, etc ) 2. Ltd. Key products, only one central brand (CDM). Pralines range totally wising in India. 3. ââ¬Å"Make in Indiaâ⬠tag once the economy opens up wore and imports rush in. Opportunities 1. Tremendous scope for per capita consumption (160 gms of 8 ââ¬â 10 kg) 2. Increasing per capita national income resulting in higher disposable income. 3. Growing middle class and growing urban population. 4. Increasing gifts cultures. 5. Substitute to ââ¬Å"Mithaisâ⬠with higher calories/cholesterol. 6. Increasing departmental stores concept ââ¬â impulse @ at cash counters. 7. Globalization: optimal use of global Cadbury Schweppes. Threats ) Major :- Due to low cost and highest brand equity, it is success in India. b) Minor :- Globalization will bring in better brands for upper end of the market (Liest, Monarch, Godiva, etcâ⬠¦). Conclusion:- Will lose market share with globalization but will remain brand leader. Pest Analysis P: Since the budget range is decontrolled, no political e ffects are envisaged. E: 1) Increasing per capita income resulting in higher disposable income. 2) Growing middle class/urban population ââ¬â increase in demand. 3) Low cost of production ââ¬â better penetration. S: 1) Per capita consumption expected to increase ââ¬â fashion. ) Increasing gifts culture ââ¬â increase in demand . 3) Lower cholesterol than ââ¬Å"mithaisâ⬠(sweet meat) subsbstitute demand. T: Will have to reinforce technology to international levels once India is a ââ¬Å"freeâ⬠economy. CHAPTER-6 AN INSIGHT ON 5 Pââ¬â¢S OF MARKETING (CADBURY) 5 Pââ¬â¢S Of Marketing 1 PRODUCT The average company will compete for customer by conforming to his expectation consistently. But the winner will surpass them by constantly exceeding his expectation, delivering to his door step additional benefits which he would never have imagined . Cadburyââ¬â¢s offer such product. The wide variety products offered by the company include: I. Chocolate Confectionary 1) Dairy Milk 2) Fruit Nut 3) 5 Star 4) Break 5) Perk 6) Gems 7) Eclairs 8) Nutties 9) Temptation 10) Milk Treat II. Beverages III. Food Drinks 1) Bourn vita 2) Drinking chocolate 3) Cocoa 2 Pricing Make no mistake. Second P of marketing is not another name for blindly lowering prices and relying on this strategy alone to increase sales dramatically. The strategy used by Cadburyââ¬â¢s is for matching the value that customer pays to buy the product with the expectation they have about what the production is worth to them. Cadburyââ¬â¢s has launched various products hich cater to all customer segments. So every customer segment has different price expectation from the product. Therefore maximizing the returns involves identifying right price level for each segment, and then progressively moving through them. Dairy Milk Rs. 15 Perk Rs. 10 5 Star Rs. 10 Friut and Nut Rs. 22 Gems Rs. 10 Break Rs. 5 Nutties Rs. 18 Bournvita (500 gm) Rs. 104 Drinking chocola te Rs. 50 3 Physical Distribution ââ¬â ââ¬Å"Placeâ⬠Distribution Equity:It takes much more time and effort to build, but once built, distribution equity is hard to erode. The fundamental axiom of Indian consumer market is this: You can set up a state-of ââ¬âthe-art manufacturing facility, hire the hottest strategies on the block, swamp prime television with best Ads, but the end of it all, you should know how to sell your products. The cardinal task before the Indian market in managing is to shoe-horn its product on retail shelves. Buyers are paying for distribution equity not brand equity and market shares. Why does the company need distribution equity more in India? With technology and competitive pressure slash in it is becoming increasing difficult for marketers to retain a unique product differentiation for long period. In a product and price parity situation, the brand that sells more is the one that reaches the highest number of customers. India ââ¬â 1 billion people, 155 million household has over 4 million retail outlets in 5351 urban markets and 552725 villages, spread cross 3. 28 million sq. km. television has already primed and population for consumption, and the marketer who can get to the to the consumer ahead of competition will give a hard ââ¬â to ââ¬â overtake lead. But getting their means managing wildly different terrains-climate, language, value system, life style, transport and communication network. And your brand equity isnââ¬â¢t going to help when it comes to tackling these issues. Own distribution network consist of clearing and forwarding (CF) agents distribution stockiest. This network of distribution can either contact wholesalers and which in turn retailers or the distributors can contact to the retailers directly. Once the stock product reaches retailers, the prospective customers can have access to the product. Cadburyââ¬â¢s distributes the product in the manner stated above. Cadburyââ¬â¢s distribution network has expanded from 1990 distributors last year to 2100 distributors and 4,50,000 retailers. Beside use of TI to improves logistics, Cadbury is also attempting to improve the distribution quality. To address the issue of product stability, it has installed visi colors at several outlets. This helps in maintaining consumption in summer when sales usually drops due to the fact that the heat affects product quality and thereby off takes. Looking at the low penetration of the chocolate, a distribution expansion would itself being incremental volume. The other reason is arch rival Nestle reaches more than a million retailers. This increase in distribution is going to be accompanied by reduction in channel costs. Cadburyââ¬â¢s marketing costs, at 18% of total costs, is much higher than Nestleââ¬â¢s 12% or even pure sugar confectionery major Parryââ¬â¢s 11%. The company is looking to reduce this parity level. At Cadbury, they believe that selling confectionery is it like selling soft drinks. 4 Promotion Effective advertising is rarely hectoring or loudly explicitâ⬠¦. It often both attracts and generates arm feelings. More often than not, a successful campaign has a stronger element of the unexpected a quality that good advertising shares with much worthwhile literature. To penetrate into the inner recesses of customer memory, communication must first ensure exposure, grab his attention evoke his comprehension, grab his acceptance and then extract retention competing with thousands of other units of communication trying to do the same. Finding showed that the adults felt too conscious to be seen consuming a product actually meant for children. The strategic response addresses the emotional appeal of the band to the child within the adult. Naturally, that produced just the value vacuum that Cadbury was looking to fill. Thereafter it was the job of the advertising to communicate ustomer the wonderful feeling that he could experience by re-discoursing the careful, unselfish conscious, pleasure ââ¬â seeking child within him ââ¬â and graft these feeling onto the Ad campaign like ââ¬Å"Khane Walon Ko Khane Ka Bahana Chahiyeâ⬠for CMD and ââ¬Å"Thodi Si Pet Pooja ââ¬â Kabhi Bhi Kahin Bhiâ⬠for Perk have been sure shot winner with the audience. Whirl with the new launched temptations with the slogan ââ¬Å"Too To Shareâ⬠the communication resolves around the reluctance of a person whoââ¬â¢s got their hand on a bar of temptation to let anyone else to have a bite. As well as outdoor and radio ads, ad agency contract has created communication for cinemas and even ATM machines for the brand. All ICICIââ¬â¢s ATM a message flashes on the screen as soon as customer inserts his ATM card. It tells the customer that this would be good time to get out of his temptation since he/she is bound to be alone. Something familiar is planned for phone-book as well. In cinemas, Cadbury has a message on-screen just before the lights are dimmed to give them a chance to get their temptations. There will also be after dinner sampling in restaurants ââ¬â to begin with, 30 catteries in Mumbai have been selected. The next round of activity will include the wafer-chocolate Perk and the Picnic bar, which has faced problems with its taste, because of the peanut it contains. Milk treat has also been launched in a module bar form, just in time of Diwali gifting market. Eclairs has got potential for much wide distribution, in a small sweets that airlines, hostels, and up market retail outlet offer to guest and customers. Ad spend in 2000 was about 14% of sales and the management said that plans to maintain as spend at this level in the current year also. Ad since any discussion today would be incomplete without mention ââ¬Ëeââ¬â¢ word, the management plans to tap this new channel of marketing. Beside three company website(i. e. www. cadburyindia. com,wwww. bourvita. com,www. cadburygift. com) that the company has launched, it had also entered into various marketing relationship with other portals, specially targeted during festivals and events such as Valentines day , etcâ⬠¦. Itââ¬â¢s a combination of spiffing up its key brand, researching and improving the newer products that havenââ¬â¢t taken off, supported with high ad ââ¬â spends that Cadbury hopes will see it emerges stronger after the current slowdown, as well as expand the market. 5 Positioning In the 1970s consumers were ready to pay ââ¬Å"more for moreâ⬠, and luxury goods flourished. In the 1980s, consumers began to demand ââ¬Å"more for sameâ⬠, and the discounting era grew strong. Todayââ¬â¢s consumer demanding ââ¬Å"more for lessâ⬠, and the winner will be that super value marketersâ⬠¦. Some of todayââ¬â¢s most successful companies recognize those customers are more educated and able to recognize true customer valueâ⬠¦ Positioning is simply concentrating on an idea ââ¬â or ââ¬â even a word defines that company in the mind of the consumer. It is more efficient to market one successful concept to one large group of people than 50 product or service ideas to 50 separate groupâ⬠¦ repositioning is a must when customer attitude have changed and product have strayed away from the consumerââ¬â¢s long standing perception of themâ⬠¦ Cadburyââ¬â¢s is an anchor in sea of confectionary products. As a variety of competitive claims assails her senses, today customer uses complicated decision making process to assess the alternative before making a purchase. Since Cadburyââ¬â¢s is more clearly associated with a particular set of attributes in terms of benefits and prices, the quicker becomes her search process. Positioning of individual product: 1) CMD: is and always remain flagship brand. The punch by the company for advertising this product life. ââ¬ËReal taste of Lifeââ¬â¢, itself defines the positioning of the product. The chocolate is meant for all age groups. It symbolizes fun, enjoyment, good items. It has goodness of milk, taste and appetite appeal. 2) 5 star: although positioned internationally as an energy bar, 5 star was positioned on an emotional platform in India during the late 1980s. Symbolizing togetherness, 5 star was originally targeted at teenagers. In June 1994, the company reworked the strategy for 5 star to make it a source of energy. In fact, before the launch of Perk, 5 starââ¬â¢s energy bar positioning made it a snacking chocolate. 3) Eclairs: competing in the chewable toffees segment. Eclairs was re-launched during the mid-nineties with a new name, Dairy Milk Eclairs. 4) Gems: broadcasting Gems, though, didnââ¬â¢t prove to be feasible proposition for Cadbury. Targeted at children under 12 years with ââ¬ËGems Bondââ¬â¢ advertising. Cadbury decided to sell it to teenagers with the ââ¬ËSmart Very Smartââ¬â¢ campaign. But now, the company is retargeting children with its animated commercial. ââ¬Å"Gems are the best brand to speak to children. Colorful chocolate buttons appeal most to children and that is why Cadbury is re-targeting children. à 5) Crackle: it was the first Cadburyââ¬â¢s chocolate to have crunch in it. It was targeted as a funky chocolate to add spark to life. 6) Perk: in September, 1995, Cadbury preempted the launch of Nestleââ¬â¢s Kit-Kat by rushing a new brand, Perk into the market. Positioned much further on the functional scale of 5 star, Perk was meant to be light snack-product for subduing the first pangs of hunger. 7) Bo urnvita: positioned as tasty health drink. While its competitors concentrated only on health aspect, Bournvita combined the nutritious valueà with taste. CHAPTER-7 MARKET SEGMENT AND MARKETING STRATEGIES OF CADBURY Cadburyââ¬â¢s Market Segment Market place for any product is comprised of many different segments of consumers, each with different needs and wants. Markets segmentation can be defined in a number of ways such as: Demographic variables (e. g. Consumers age groups, gender, material states income etcâ⬠¦)( The lifestyle of consumers (i. e. their interests and activities) the benefits which consumers look for in a product or on the occasions when the product might be consumed. Cadbury takes into account all these factors when producing a range of products. It targets different segments within the market, such as the. ( Break segment ââ¬â products which are normally consume as a snatched break and often with tea and coffee, for example Cadburyââ¬â¢s Perk and snack range. ( Impulse segment ââ¬â these products are often purchase on impulse, eating these and then. They include product such as Cadburyââ¬â¢s Dair y Milk. ( Take home segment ââ¬â this describes product that are normally purchased in supermarkets, taken home consumed at a later stage. The Real Taste of Rejuvenation (transformation) It was the market ââ¬â leader, but sales inched along. It focused firmly on its target segment, but the real buyer lay beyond. For seven long years, Cadburyââ¬â¢s Dairy Milk chocolate suffered stagnancy even as other consumer products boomed. Just how did the company rejuvenate an old brand to create the marketing megs-hit of the 1990s? It Stand First Among Second coming. And it wasnââ¬â¢t so much a re-launch as it was a process of rejuvenation. Over a period of 12 months, starting February, 1994, the Rs. 14 crore confectionery makers Cadbury embarked on the most outrageous repositioning exercise in the recent history of Indian marketing. For, it systematically dismantled the franchise that the company had built over 30 years of its flagship brand, Cadburyââ¬â¢s Dairy Milk (CDM)-Cad buryââ¬â¢s Milk chocolate until 1986-destroying the very fundamental of generic association that had made million of Indians refer to a bar of a chocolate as a ââ¬Å"Cadburyâ⬠. More proof of the chocolate is in the eating: two years into process, CDMââ¬â¢s market share at 25%, with sale rising by an average 40% per annum. The Diagnosis Today, The Real Taste of Life campaign, which served up chocolate in general, and CDM in particular, into the consciousness of adult, has already become a classic of advertising and marketing. By 1993, Cadbury was desperately seeking growth for the brandâ⬠¦ ââ¬Å"With a market share of 70%, trying to win away customers from competitors in this stagnant market wouldnââ¬â¢t help. They had to find new customers, people whoââ¬â¢d never bought chocolate before. Or, they had to increase consumption levelsâ⬠. The obvious solution, in a peculiar predicament. Despite low penetration, both the brand and the category were displaying symptoms of age: faltering growth, high recognition, and lack of excitement. The market research revealed the cause of the graying: chocolate wasnââ¬â¢t a snack in India. ââ¬Å"In mature markets, chocolate straddle a continuum, from boutique product ââ¬â packaged raw indulgence ââ¬â to a casual foodâ⬠. So, Cadbury whipped up a growth solution that involved associating the brand with snacking and functionally, which inevitably go together with high consumption rates in the Western markets. The next step: identify the barriers preventing consumers from chocolate as a snack. A battery of test, both quantitative and qualitative, comparing chocolate consumption to a basket of competitive products revealed an unmistakable answer. ââ¬Å"Cadburyââ¬â¢s Was Caught In Its Own Trapâ⬠How? The company had, over decades, created a context of chocolate consumption that was now chocking growth possibilities. ââ¬Å"The baggage of the past was so overpowering that people didnââ¬â¢t get influenced by minor shifts in the messageâ⬠. In fact, the behavioral and attitudinal patterns conveyed by the communication to build the brand were proving restrictive. For, Cadbury had, using the traditional demographic variables of age, socio-economic groups, and usage intensity, positioned CDM as a product that elders ââ¬â typically, parents ââ¬â bought for children ââ¬â typically, their own. But admittedly ââ¬â enduring values of love and sharing, parental affection, and reward that Cadbury had labored to associate with the brand, which had helped it forge a relationship with customers, had relegated it to being a special ââ¬â occasion item, ruling out increased individual consumption. After all, special occasion item, ruling out increased individual consumption. After all, special occasion were meant to be a rare. A typical Ad would show parents bringing home chocolate for their child. It would never, ever, show the child, or the parent, buying it for himself or herself. The punch line ââ¬â Sometimes Cadburyââ¬â¢s Can Say It Better Than Words, and Nothing But The Best Will Do ââ¬â reinforced the notion, with an unwelcome side ââ¬â effect: adults, as research showed, felt distinctly guilty and embarrassed about eating chocolate, whether alone or socially. ââ¬Å"Not only were adults not indulging in chocolates, but they were also actively curtailing child consumptionâ⬠solution? Forget children as the core consumer. Universalize the product, targeting the parents. The Tests Despite the Need To Clear The residual memory of CDMââ¬â¢s former association, caution prevented a big break with the past, forcing Cadbury to experiment with a combination of continuity and change. The process entailed understanding the foundation of the brand, since it was these that would support the new structureâ⬠. Out went the caring and sharing element, but the family context stayed. ââ¬Å"Cadbury had two pillars, so it made sense to change oneâ⬠. Chocolate should be eaten whenever you feel like. It was an impulse item, so why shouldnââ¬â¢t it be sold as one? The first of the two commercial focused on functionality, purging the emotional element. The first commercial storyline, the father watches TV, engrossed, gnawing away at a bar of CDM. The children enter, followed by the mother-but, by that time, the father has completed the distinctly unpaternal act of devouring the entire bar. The children are shocked, where upon the produces another bar for them-only to eat that up too. Finally, the mother brings another bar out of her bag. The last shot more CDM bars strew around casually. The second commercial conveyed the same message, depicting four member of a family doing their own thing on a Sunday afternoon, and each casually munching away on chocolates. The less than ââ¬â subtle message: eating chocolateââ¬â¢s just an everyday affair, without special occasion or relationship coming into play. Despite their strategic intent, both ads failed on pre ââ¬â airing tests. Why for stators, children were outraged at the idea of a parent consuming chocolate, while adults were down right angry at the notion of the father depriving his children of chocolate bar. Just as important, consumer rejected the idea that chocolate-eating could be equated with mechanical activities like combing oneââ¬â¢s hair. After all, chocolates were about feelings. There had to be magic, romance, love and emotion. These elements had been ripped away from the advertising. It has sans emotionâ⬠. ââ¬Å"Parent Are Different From Adultsâ⬠Even as the ad failed, however, they generated a valuable byproduct, in the form of a new insight, into adult behavior. ââ¬Å"Using transactional analysis on response, Cadburyââ¬â¢s found that adult as parents behave very differently from adults as adults. People forbid their children from having chips, but gorge themselves. ââ¬Å"The implicationâ⬠:- ââ¬Å"The moment the adult was shown in the context of his role as a parent, all his cognitive preconception about the product would come to the fore. Heââ¬â¢d think about the reasons why, and the block would automatically come upâ⬠. Tap child-ego state within the adult, stimulating desire, spontaneity, and the craving for instant gratification. The Prescription The crucial question that Cadbury was confronted with: what strategy should it deploy to rejuvenate CDM in a way that would appeal to the child lurking within the adult? To inject a modern flavor into CDM, they chose to create a new brand identity, borrowing a leaf from marketing guru David Aaker, who decrees that brand identity should establish a relationship between the brand and the customer by generating value proposition involving functional, emotional, or self-expressive benefits. ââ¬Å"The Ads Had To Be Linkableâ⬠ââ¬Å"The consumer will always tell what his current belief system is, not what it should be Cadburyââ¬â¢s job was to mould his habits and behavior in a way that would increase consumption for product and brandâ⬠. ââ¬Å"Impulse Drives Chocolate Salesâ⬠One of the tools Cadburyââ¬â¢s used was Jean ââ¬â Neal Kapfererââ¬â¢s Brand Prism model to examine whether contemporary value systems offered a peg on which the brand could be judge. The study disclosed, interlaid, a distinct shift from collectivism to individualism, with the pre ââ¬â 1990ââ¬â¢s sacrosanct values of filial and family love being overshadowed by the manifestation of a larger need for self ââ¬â expression. ââ¬Å"There was a definite yearning to be free childâ⬠. Therein lay the opportunity for both unshackling consumption and creating all-new association for CDM. The Breakthrough Having decided to barter the distinctly use selfish values of sharing and caring for the suspiciously self-centered one of self-expression, Cadburyââ¬â¢s people insisted that the rejuvenate be enriched with compensation ââ¬â and equally enduring ââ¬â positive values: universal truths, enduring human values, and universal moment of joy. To translate the brief into the commercial, they decide to simply portray occasion of childlike-but not childish-behavior from adults, without explicitly identifying adults as the target customer. They left the connection to be made by the customerâ⬠ââ¬Å"In the process they were able to get viewer involvement and high levels of empathy. Nowhere did they actually say, youââ¬â¢re an adult, you can eat it. Because nobody wants to be toldâ⬠. Thus it was that, the montage of the child in the man-the old man kicking the football; the pregnant woman carving a chocolate; young girl breaking into a spirit; the young m an tossing a bar of chocolate at his sweet-heart departing in a bus-was created. That the consumption had to be liked before it could penetrate the cultural resistance to chocolate consumption by adults was obvious. Taking a contrition stance, Cadbury decided to test the commercial being devised by OMââ¬â¢s creative team not for the tire battery of likeability, comprehension, credibility and behavior modification ââ¬â but only for the first two. ââ¬Å"If asked upfront, the consumer was hardly likely to consider the dramatically-different idea credible. Nor was there much chance of his announcing an immediate change in behaviorâ⬠. But why likeability and comprehension? Simple: the first was meant to be the vehicle on which the daring idea-that adults should enjoy chocolate-would ride into the consumerââ¬â¢s psyche. In other words, the commercial was meant to make him smile at first-and only then realize the import once of the message, which is where the comprehension had to be tested. ââ¬Å"What was clear in this case was that likeability would have to include identification and feeling warmth. â⬠Thodi Se Pet Puja, Khabi Bhi Kahin Bhi! The Real Taste of Life Campaign The very first ad in the campaign in 94 was ââ¬Ëblock ââ¬â Busterââ¬â¢. It depicted the essence of one and a half glass of milk pouring in to a boy Dairy Milk unique glass and half in to a chunk icon shows the glass and a half of full cream milk flowing in to the chunk of dairy milk conveying the deliciousness and taste appeal of the gooey, creamy, smooth chocolate inside the pack that children like. The mnemonic of 1 ? glass reached to consumer through every magazines, poster, T. V, newspaper. The second ad was montage of vignettes from every day lives of young and old which focused on showing a series of emotions. The ad created on bringing out the child in the man . The old man kicking the football, the pregnant women craving chocolate, young girls breaking into a spirit, the young man tossing a bar chocolate at his sweet heart departing into a bus. The common refrain linking them was the adult in a free child mode ââ¬â spottiness, impulsive and carefree. The ad was protested among adultââ¬â¢s trough focus groups. The ad received an overwhelming response. It was high on likeability, evoked a great degree of empathy and identification consumersââ¬â¢ response were those meâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ ââ¬Å"Feel like thatâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. . ââ¬Å"Every feels like thisâ⬠â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. Brand usage was perceived to cut across all age groups and accessions. Consumers described dairy milk as ââ¬Å"â⬠¦ of all agesâ⬠ââ¬Å"Eat, when ever you feel like itâ⬠¦you do not have to wait for an occasion. â⬠Dairy Milk had successfully enabled the free child in the consumer subsequent adv erting used the same communication strategy. Kya Swaad Hai Zindagi Ka! The next ad featured an on going match in the field. Think of a match India batting against Pakistan. The score, 6 runs to win with 1 ball left and India wins the match. The ad shows a girl dancing with jubilation on the cricket field when her hubby hits the winning stroke. The award winning campaign, designed by O M was intended to rid the Indian chocolates eater of that guilt complex. The advertisement suggested, through not in so many words, that it was ok to be seen including in a chocolate in public. You could relate the sweetness of success of chocolate. The ad draws attention to the actual eats experience. The fourth in this series was the girl with on her hands. The ad focused on showing how the girl relishes the Dairy Milk when she has mehandi on her hands. The idea behind this advertisement was to show the nature of chocolate as an impulse ââ¬â driven product. Post campaign saw a great turn around. Dairy Milk transformed in to a young full brand full of zest. It came to be recognized as an expression of spontaneity and in pulse. The campaign succeeded in softening attitude towards chocolate and lifting then out of the ream of kiddies / special occasion only. It embraced a wide range emotion all build around them that chocolate means different things to different people at different times, but most importantly chocolate is Cadbury. The New Campaign And finally, with the launch of the new colloquial advertising campaign ââ¬ËKhaannein Wallon Khaannein Ka Bahana Chahiya featuring MTV VJ Cyrus Broacha, Cadbury India aimed to ââ¬Ësubstantiallyââ¬â¢ increase penetration level of the chocolate category in the next few years. ââ¬â¢ The new campaign is worth noting as it clearly differ from the earlier one in terms of rectifying the consumer perception about chocolate being an up market impulse ââ¬â driven product. The attempt now is to change the image, to make chocolate eating a regular habit. The current estimated penetration level of the chocolate category is 19% in the urban market. The objective behind tne new communication on Cadbury Dairy Milk is to make the chocolate category more socially and culturally relevant and drive penetration in the process. The new campaign has been launched in tandem with the old one Winning ââ¬ËKuch Khass Haiââ¬â¢ campaign and the media strategy is to let the two co ââ¬â exist towards a common vision ââ¬Å"providing a Cadbury in every pocketâ⬠. Thodi Se Pet Puja, Khabi Bhi, Kahin Bhi! Chocolate Market Share The Indian chocolate market is getting bigger and better. While on one hand, the premium segment (composing imported varieties) is opening up on the other, companies like Cadbury India are launching indigenous product made to international standards. Of the 20,000 tonne chocolate market worth aboutà Rs. 400 crore, Cadbury account for about 70% followed by Nestle, with a share of around 20%. Amul has about 5% of the market, with minor player taking the rest. The battle, though, is between Cadbury and Nestle. Though with a much smaller portfolio, Nestle is putting up a tough fight. From a treat for kids, chocolate are now being positioned near meal substitutes, thanks to the initiative taken by the Cadbury India during early nineties. The market itself has become broader based, in the sense adults are an important target segment now. The reposting of Cadburyââ¬â¢s Dairy Milk in 1994 as the ââ¬Ëreal taste of life (through the Slice of Life and Cricket commercial by Ogilvy and Mather) grew the entire milk chocolate by 20%, and gave the Cadburyââ¬â¢s range ââ¬â 5 Star, Gems, Eclairs, Fruit Nut, Crackle, Nutties, Butterscotch Tiffns ââ¬â a new lease of life. In other words, it facilitated the repositioning of Cadburyââ¬â¢s sub brands in the basket. Some of the strategic clicked, while other did not quite take off. The company is pushing the gifting segment, through occasion linked gifts. Chocolates contribute to 64% of Cadburyââ¬â¢s turnover. Confectionary sales accounting for 12% of turnover is contributed largely by Eclairs. The company attempted expanding its confectionary product portfolio, with launch of sugar based confectionary goodly and fruits, without much success. Cadbury also has a strong brand bornvita in the malted health drink category which account for 24% of turnover. There exists an even larger unorganized market in the confectionary segment. Cadbury has 4% of the market share in this segment. Leading national players are nutrine, Paryââ¬â¢s Ravalgoan, Candico, Parle, Joyoco India and Perfetti, the MNCs such as Joyco and Perfetti have aggressively expanded their presence in the country in the last few years. Malted food drinks category consists of white drink and brown drink. White drinks accounts for almost two third market of the 82,000 for market south and east are large market for drinks, accounting for largest proportion of all Indiaââ¬â¢s sale. Cadburyââ¬â¢s Bourn Vita is leader in the brown drink coca based segment in the white drink segment Smith Klineââ¬â¢s Horlicks in the Nestle Milo , GCMMF nitramul and other Smith Kline brand Boost, Maltova and Viva Cadbury bold 14% market share in food drinks segment. Despite tough market condition and increased competition Cadbury managed to record a double digit (11%) top line growth in 2000. The company achieved a volume growth of 5. 2%. This was achieved through innovative marketing strategies and focused advertising campaign flagship brand Dairy Milk. Net profit rose sharply by 41. 8% to Rs. 520 million. Reduced material and energy cost and tighter control over working capital over working capital and capital expenditure enabled the company to improve the profitability. Company added 8 million new consumers and saw its outlets grow to 4. 5 lakhs and consumer to 60 million. In the food segment, Britannia is the leader brand with 21% among those who expressed an opinion saying that they like advertising for the brand Cadbury was clearly No. 2 with 18% to which CDM throw in its weight with 13% and perk with 4%. For the Chocolate Company, Khane Walo Lo Ko Khane Ka Bhanna and the Karwa Cauth, Sports are clear winners. Tied for the brand place are Amul, Parle and south based Arun Le Gram with 5% each. Disappointment among bid brands Kissan and Maggi and Kwality Walls (1%) each. Cadburyââ¬â¢s Temptation Cadburyââ¬â¢s Health Drink Cadburyââ¬â¢s Creamy Bar Fruit Nut New Launch Cadbury target kids with Milk Treat: It is a product that talks directly to the target consumer. The product benefits have been defined as ââ¬Å"The goodness of milk to the fun of chocolateâ⬠. it combines both good health, multinutrition value of milk along with the pinch of fun and excitement. The kinds formally associate with Cadbury chocolate offering. Temptation :- It is aimed at the niche ââ¬Å"international chocolate ââ¬Å" segment of the chocolate market a segment upgraded from brands such as Cadburyââ¬â¢s to premium international offering such as Tolerance, Lindit and Hersheys. Roughly 5%of the total domestic consumption expected to grow to some 10%. This segment is too good to miss out on. ThePreviousCadburyââ¬â¢s range available in India did not offer consumer an option to upgrade to international chocolate within the Cadburyââ¬â¢s fold. Temptation is an attempt to lug niche, priced Rs. 30. Future Strategy In the branded impulse market, the share of chocolate in 6. % and Cadburyââ¬â¢s share in the impulse segment is 4. 8% factor like changing attitude, higher disposable income, a large youth population, and low penetration of chocolate (22% of urban population) point towards a big opportunity of increasing the share of chocolate in the branded impulse among the costly alternative in the branded impulse market. It appears that company is likely to play the value game to expand the market encouraged by the recent success of its low priced ââ¬Ëvalue for many packsââ¬â¢. Various measures are undertaken in all areas of operation to create value for the future. New channel of marketing such as gifting and child connectivity and low end value for money product for expanding the consumer base have been identified. In terms of manufacturing management focus is on optimizing manufacturing efficiencies and creating a world class manufacturing location for CDM and Eclairs. The company is today the second best manufacturing location of Cadburyââ¬â¢s Schweppes in the world. Efficient sourcing of key raw material i. e. coca through forward purchase of imports, higher local consumption by entering long term contract with farmer and undertaking efforts in expanding local coca area development. The initiatives in the terms of development a long term domestic coca a sourcing base would field maximum gains when commodity prices start moving up. â⬠¢ Use of it to improve logistic and distribution competitivenessà â⬠¢ Utilizing mass media to create and maintain brands. â⬠¢ Expand the consumer base. The company has added 8 million new consumer in the current year and how has consumer base of 60 million although the growth in absolute numbers is lower than targeted, the company has been able to increase the width of its consumer base through launch of low priced products. Improving distribution quality by addressing issues of product stability by installation of visi coolers at several outlets. This would be really effective in maintaining consumption in summer, when sales usually dip due to the fact that the heat effects product quality and thereby consumption. â⬠¢ The above are some steps being taken internally to improve future operation and profitability. At the same time the management is also aware of external changes taking place in the competitive environment and is taking steps to remain competitive in the future environment of free imports, lower barrier to trade and the advent of all global players in to the country. The management is not unduly concerned about the huge deluge of imported chocolate brands in the market place. It is of the view that size of this imported premium market is small to threaten its own volumes or sales in fact, the company looks at the tree important as an opportunity, where it could optimally use the global Cadbury Schweppes portfolio. The company would be able to not only provide greater variety, but it would also be more cost effective to test market new product as well as improve speed of response to change in consumer preference through imports. The only concerns that the company has in this regard is the current high level of duties, which limit the opportunity to launch value for money products. Changing Product Mix Contributing to turnover 1994 Contributing to turnover 2000 Chocolate 59% 64% Sugar Confectionary 9% 12% Food Drink 32% 24% Current Market Share Chocolate 69. 2% Sugar Confectionary 4. 0% Food Drink 14. 2% Expanding Distribution Reach 2001 + Distribution 450000 Retail Outlet 60 Million Consumers CHAPTER-8 CADBURY SUCCESS STORY The Cadbury Story Cadburyââ¬â¢s success story In 1984, John Cadbury founded U. K. company with one aim: to create the highest quality chocolate. By1969, when Cadbury merged with the soft drink giant. Schweppes, Cadbury brands were already famous all around world. Today Cadburyââ¬â¢s production are enjoyed in 120 countries, with 40 chocolate confectionary brands, Cadbury dominated markets as far as the U. K. and Australia thatââ¬â¢s why Cadbury have been dubbed ââ¬Å"The worldââ¬â¢s master chocolate makersâ⬠. The secret of Cadburyââ¬â¢s success What is the secret of Cadburyââ¬â¢s continuing success first thereââ¬â¢s the careful selection of the finest coca beans from West Africa, as well as tasty hazel nuts from Turkey and the fine sheet and choicest natural ingredient available to us anywhere. Finally thereââ¬â¢s skillful marketing Cadbury always takes extreme care in selecting and marketing the right range of product in every cause. The right product, the right partners, the right marketing, the promotional back up and the right employees. These are the ingredients in Cadburyââ¬â¢s latest recipes for success. Right from the stand Cadbury Dairy Milk Chocolate success has been based on these factors:-à Quality( Value for money( Advertising( Case Study Prior to deciding on the communication strategy for Cadbury Dairy Milk it was important to understand the habits and mindset towards chocolates. A large scale usage and attitude study was conducted among adults. The research revealed that: Adults were primarily purchasers, and not consumers of chocolates. However, as for most childrenââ¬â¢s product, they exercised a strong influence on the childrenââ¬â¢s consumption behavior. Adults acted as gatekeepers of sorts when it came to food items. Considering the advertising history, it came as no surprise that chocolate were perceived as ââ¬Å"kiddyâ⬠product and certainly not part of the repertoire for products consumed socially. Chocolate consumption among adults evoked feeling of self indulgence and guilt. Chocolates seemed to offer virtually no significant positive and certainly no overt psychogenic benefits. Food and nutritive values associated with chocolates were low. And, in fact they were categorized as a hazard, being responsible for obesity, dental and respiratory problems. Brands images were undifferentiated and the category had low saliency, ââ¬Å"can do withoutâ⬠. Purchase was almost always planned and triggered by motives ranging from celebration, bribing and reward to gifting. For an impulse product category such as chocolates, this was likely to limit market growth. This conditioning and social learning about chocolates was restricting consumption among adults as well as driving them to restrict childrenââ¬â¢s consumption. There was evidence to suggest the need for shifting focus from child as chocolates consumers to adultââ¬â¢s communication, hitherto, had always addressed adults as purchasers rather than consumers. Communication had positioned chocolates for specific situations, thus imposing boundaries for the growth of the market. Emphasis on casual everyday situation could help promote core consumption opportunities. For low involvement product categories like chocolates which offer emotional and sensory benefits, it is suggested that communication is most effective with repeated likeable ads promising unique and authentic emotional benefit a shift from portraying everyday moments as an opposed to special ones. The radical change however was focus on bringing out the spontaneity in adults. And, finally CDM a symbol of manipulation was henceforth to symbolize fun, enjoyment and good times. The mnemonic of a glass and half milk was to reinforce the goodness of milk and cue physiological benefits. The only variation was in the Rituals, where communication had shifted from, and special occasion to every moment. A strong volume growth was witnessed in the early 90ââ¬â¢s when Cadbury, repositioned chocolates from children to adult consumption. The biggest opportunity is likely to stem from increasing the consumer base. Nutties Roast Almond Picnic The Outlook The Cadbury management has cut down on its growth target by setting a 10% average volume target for next 3 years (as against previous growth) coupled with price increases, this could translate into top line growth of 14 ââ¬â15%. This target also appears difficult to achieve given the consumer slowdown and the fact that company is dependent on a single category chocolates to drive growth. Effect in expanding confection any portfolio have also not yielded desired results. The management has declared its intention to focus only on Eclairs (which forms a major position of its 4% share in the confectionary segment) for the time being in this category. In chocolates too ones remain on the 2-3 key brands as CDM, Perk claims which have supported growth in the past. While new launched such as milk chocolate and Perk slims have been doing well, the management expects that dairy milk would continue to be the central driving force in Cadburyââ¬â¢s growth and that all other brands would remain peripheral to this central brand. Few Concerns Which Come To Mind With a market share of 70% in the chocolate category and with the free availability of international brands that you see in the market today, it is only natural that Cadburyââ¬â¢s market share will move down from here marinating a 70% market share in a closed environment may have been easy, but it certainly wonââ¬â¢t be easy in liberalized environment of free imports. And whatever be the anomalies of taxation or low, the consumer is surely going to have a wider choice. And it is going to be shared with other brands too in future. There is additional challenge of Cadburyââ¬â¢s brand just aiming market share when the consumer has a wide portfolio of brand to choose from. While there would be new chocolates launch towards the end of the year, the company has ruled out a real big chocolates launch in the current year. And it is too early yet to comment on the long term response to the new launch temptations. They say chocolates are mostly am impulse purchase. Therefore consumer would prefer smaller, low cost packs to bigger higher priced ones. The growth trend of the brands therefore clearly indicates that the only brand that has grown is the one that has received tremendous marketing and advertising support Dairy Milk withdraw support for any brand and growth loses momentum. In such scenario, for how long and how many brands can the company continuously support? POSITION OF THE VARIOUS BRANDS IN THE MARKET HAS BEEN LISTED BELOW Cadburys brands Positioning Nestleââ¬â¢s brands Positioning Cadbury Dairy Milk Fruit n Nut Creamy bar Roast Almond Crackle Bournvita ââ¬Å"The Real Taste of Lifeâ⬠Position as adults as an impulse any time purchase ââ¬â self expression values attached Classic Milk Chocolate Bar One Positioned as an affordable enriched milk chocolate Positioned as Trendy, Cool, any time snack. 5 Star / Perk/Break Perk ââ¬â Positioned as Snacking consumption ââ¬Å"Thodi si Pet Poojaâ⬠à 5 Star Energy bar Reach for the Stars. KitKat Positioned as a snacking consumption ââ¬Å"Have a Break, Have a Kit Katâ⬠CHAPTER-9 DATA ANALYSIS FINDINGS AND SURVEY 1. Do you eat chocolates? 2. Which brand of chocolates do you use? 3. Where do you buy chocolates from? 4. Are you aware of any campaign of the above brands? 5. Which cadburyââ¬â¢s product do you usually prefer or use? 6. Do you think Cadburyââ¬â¢s chocolate is easily available in market ? CHAPTER-10 RECOMMENDATIONS RECOMMENDATIONS â⬠¢ Maintain dominance in chocolate, confectionery and market leadership in brown drinks. â⬠¢ New channels such as gifting, child connectivity and value for money offering to be the key growth drives. â⬠¢ Grow volume of sales at least 20% p. . over the next years. â⬠¢ Achieve the goal of best manufacturing location in Cadbury Schweppes world for Dairy Milk and Eclairs. â⬠¢ One new major product launch every year. CONCLUSION This company project has demonstrated ââ¬Å"CADBURYââ¬â¢S MARKETING AND COMPETITIVE STRATEGIESâ⬠that has proved to be extensive through, and of great benefit to the company in furthering its competitive advantage. In this project it possible to see the success of Cadburyââ¬â¢s in its indorse its strong potential to continue to do well. CHAPTER-11 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bibliography â⬠¢ A L Ries (1996), ââ¬Å"Focusâ⬠Harper Collins Publishers Ltd. â⬠¢ David A. Aaker (1991), ââ¬Å"Managing Brand Equityâ⬠, The Free Press. â⬠¢ David A. Aaker (1996) ââ¬Å"Building Strong Brandsâ⬠, The Free Press. â⬠¢ Philip Kotler (Eighth Edition) ââ¬Å"Marketing Managementâ⬠, Prentice Hall of India Ltd. â⬠¢ Advertising and marketing Magazine â⬠¢ The Economic Times ââ¬â ââ¬Å"Brand Equityâ⬠â⬠¢ Company Literature â⬠¢ Market survey and questionnaires â⬠¢ Web site: www. cadburyindia. com â⬠¢ Web site: www. Cadbury. uk. com Business World â⬠¢ Business Today ANNEXURE QUESTIONNAIRE 1. Do you eat chocolates? No( Yes ( 2. Which brand of chocolates do you use? Cadburyââ¬â¢s( Nestle( Amul( Others( 3. Where do you buy chocolates from? Super stores( Retail Stores( Restaurants( Movie Halls( Others( 4. Are you aware of any campaign of the above brands? No( Yes ( 5. Which cadburyà ¢â¬â¢s product do you usually prefer or use? 5 Star( Dairy Milk ( Fruit( Perk(Nut Temptation( 6. Do you think Cadburyââ¬â¢s chocolate is easily available in market ? No( Yes ( Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-3151518800465665592019-11-20T21:02:00.001-08:002019-11-20T21:02:03.797-08:00Business Law Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 wordsBusiness Law Report - Essay Example ..8 3.2 Scenarioâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦9 1. Introduction Promissory estoppel is an equitable doctrine that applies to contract law to enforce a promise that is unsupported by consideration. It involves a promise given by one of the parties to a contract, during its performance, not to insist to the terms of the original contract (Feinman, 1984). This doctrine mitigates the harshness of the common law which insists that any promise which is unsupported by a consideration cannot be enforced. In the law of contract, parties must furnish consideration to make the contract binding. Therefore the words ââ¬Ëestoppedââ¬â¢ means ââ¬Ëpreventedââ¬â¢ or precluded. It prevents a party to a contract from denying the truth of a promissory representation (Feinman, 1984). Lord Denning in Combe v Combe[1951] 2 KB 215 at 220defined the doctrine by stating that ââ¬Å" the principle, as I understand it, is that, where one party has, by his words or conduct, made to the other a promise or assurance which was intended to affect the legal relations between them and to be acted on accordingly, then, once the other party has taken him at his word and acted on it, the one who gave the promise or assurance cannot afterwards be allowed to revert to the previous legal relations as if no such promise or assurance had been made by him, but he must accept their legal relations subject to the qualification which he himself has introduced, even though it is not supported in points of law by any consideration but only by his wordsâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ 2. Requirements of Promissory Estoppel This English position was first adopted in Australia by the High Courtââ¬â¢s decision in Legione v Hateley(1983) 152 CLR 406. It sets some key ingredients for the application of the doctrine. First, there must be a pre-existing cont ract between the parties, which they seek to modify. Secondly, there must be a clear and unambiguous promise, which one party relies on as result of which they change their position and lastly, it must be inequitable to allow the promisor to go back on their promise. 2.1. Pre-existing Relationship There must be a legal relationship that existed between the parties. The parties ought to be in a continuing legal relationship, in the course of which, one of the parties agrees to the variation, and/or termination of the current one. Promissory estoppel cannot exist in a vacuum, and that it would only arise where there is an existing relationship between the parties.In most instances the existence of a relationship suffices from the existence of a contract (Boyer, 1952). In essence, the underlying contract must have been enforceable, and consideration for the subsequent agreement that is not required (Boyer, 1952). The requirement for the existence of a contract for the application of th e doctrine of estoppel was held not necessary in the Australian case of Waltons Stores (Interstate) Ltd v Maher[1988] HCA 7. The brief facts of the case were that Walton and Maher entered into a negotiation with regards to a lease of a property that was owned by Maher. They agreed that Maher would demolish a building that was in existence and build a new one which Walton would then occupy. The parties entered principally into an Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-89351919451950192792019-11-19T00:24:00.001-08:002019-11-19T00:24:02.755-08:00ACCOUNTING Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsACCOUNTING - Article Example This all contributed to the collapse of worldââ¬â¢s largest and most powerful economies of the world. The paper, in general, tries to identify the various factors in the field of accounting research that contributed to the fall of financial system in the USA. It also talks about how weak laws and financial reporting requirements as a result of insufficient accounting research have contributed to the crisis apart from irresponsible behavior of the bankers and the banks. This article is written in this time because the entire world is going through a turbulent phase of global financial crisis which has not only paralysed the US economic system, but also the world economic system.The main point that the article discusses is the financial reporting requirements and in particular the valuation regulations. The article uses the secondary research methodology when analyzing the role of accounting research in its attempt to curb or stop the looming crisis. It talks about the fair value ac counting and how it contributed to the fall in the accounting system. It pays particular attention to the manipulation that many companies did in order to window-dress their financial statements and use it as a tool to justify money laundering, over-valued SIVs etc. However, at the same time, it criticizes the role of accounting research by using the observational secondary research. It says that even when the fair-value accounting was at its peak, the researchers were unable to publish any data or any empirical data about the problems that it could cause. Instead, during the years preceding crisis, there was no research done on the issue, and it was after the crisis had been fully operational that accountants starting paying heed to the issue and starting researching the topic. This again is used by the writer, as an evidence to signify the gap between accounting in practice and accounting research through observation and secondary research as a methodology. The article then comes down to the third argument that is used a factor showing the gap between accounting research and accounting Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-10198080219347369082019-11-16T12:56:00.001-08:002019-11-16T12:56:04.137-08:00Bring Safe Drinking Water to the World Essay Example for Free Bring Safe Drinking Water to the World Essay Lack of clean water for drinking affect many people in every continent. Around one-fifth of the population in the world stays in areas of physical scarcity while five hundred million people are said to be approaching this situation. This problem is more serious in Africa than in any other continent. Lack of safe water for drinking is explored in the accompanying paper. In this paper, results of lack of clean drinking water in Africa is assessed more so in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper also explores the impact of water scarcity on stability of Africa and the World. It further evaluates how United Nations have helped solve the problem and ways in which developing countries can ensure they have adequate clean water. Lack of safe water for drinking is a one of the leading problem in the world. It has an impact on over 1.1 billion people all over the world. Safe drinking water is defined by World health Organization, United Nations Childrenââ¬â¢s Fund and Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation as water that has microbial, physical and chemical characteristics that meet the guidelines of National standard on quality of drinking water (Campbell, Caldwell, Hopkins, Heaney, Wing, Wilson, et al. 2013). Lack of safe drinking water is looked through a population to water equation treated by hydrologists as 7,700 cubic meters per person. This is the threshold for meeting water requirement for every industrial, agricultural production and the environment. It is said that a threshold of less than 1,000 cubic meters of water represent water scarcity and below 500 cubic meters of water represent a state of absolute scarcity. Inadequate safe drinking water is a major challenge to many countries. It is a major problem for developing countries that are racing forward towards physical limits of expansion of fresh water, expanding urban settlement, commercialization of agriculture and industrial sectors. Fresh water is a crucial resource in development of Africa. It is said that Africa continent has a population of 800 million people. 405 of the total population in Africa lack access to safe drinking water. It is argued that half of people living in rural areas of safe drinking water. It is reported that Sub-Saharan Africa has more water stress than other parts of the world. Sub-Saharan Africa has a population of over 320 million people have no access to quality water. It is said to be the only region in the world that will not be able to meet the 2015 millennium development goal. In 2012, a Conference on ââ¬Ëââ¬â¢Water Scarcity in Africa: issues and Challengesâ⬠was presented with information that by 2030, 255 million to 760 millions in Africa will be staying in areas with high water stress (Barone, 2008). Scarcity of safe drinking water has lead to poor heal in Sub-Saharan Africa. People in water deprived areas use unsafe water that causes spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, typhoid fever, malaria, trachoma, typhus and plague. Scarcity of safe water forces people to respond by storing water in their households. This further increases chances of water contamination and spread of malaria due to mosquitoes. Infected people with waterborne diseases reduce chances of community development and productivity due to lack of strength. Government resources are used to buy medicine for these people. This takes away funds meant for food supply, school fees and other development projects. It is estimated by Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council that treatment of diarrhea caused by water contamination in Sub-Saharan Africa takes away 12% of countriesââ¬â¢ health budget. Government in the areas channels their energy and part of fund allocated for other expenditures to helping people affected by lack of water at the expense of other essential services like maintaining peace and security in the region. Human Development report suggests that use of water by human is mainly on agriculture and irrigation. In Sub-Saharan Africa, agricultural activities account from over 80% of the total water consumption. Majority of people in this region depend on agriculture. In rural areas, 90% of families rely on producing their own food hence water scarcity leads to loss of food security. Conflict arises in this region due to political interferences in irrigated land due to land tenure and ownership problems. Governments in this part of the world lack funds and skilled human resources that can support technology and infrastructure needed for good water management and crop irrigation. Scarcity of safe water makes people use waste water for irrigation. This makes a lot of people to eat food with disease causing organisms. Women in this part of the world are burdened by lack of clean water for drinking. They are the collectors, managers as well as guardian of water in domestic spheres which include household chores such as washing, child rearing and cooking. They spend a considerable amount of time fetching water (Dreibelbis, Winch, Leontsini, Hulland, Ram, Unicomb, et al., 2013). This causes a decrease in the time available for education. Their health is also at risk of skeletal damage caused by carrying heavy loads of water every day over long distances. Loss of potential school days and education prevents the next generation of women from holding professional employments. Access to safe water for drinking will make women in Sub-Saharan Africa increase time allocated to education which will make them take leadership positions. Scarcity of water makes many children in this region drop out of school to help in household chores which are made more intense by lack of water. Increase in population in Africa and lack of safe water for drinking has caused a lot of strain and conflict on relations between communities and between countries.It has been argued that Nile River is a source of conflict in nine countries. Water fro Nile River is the only source of sustaining life in both Sudan and Egypt. Egyptians use military force to make sure they retain control over Nile River because she has no other source of water. This conflict runs from the colonial era when England textile factories depended on Sudan and Egypt agricultural activities. After the colonial era, Egypt continued to create political instability in Ethiopia. It blocked international financing agencies from giving loans to Ethiopia in order to finance projects on the river. The conflict is now real because Ethiopia has now managed to carry out water projects on her own like building hydro-power dams and irrigation programs. Egypt has been reported to issue threats of war to Tanzania and Ethiopia. In 1970s, Egypt armed Somalia separatist rebels in Ethiopia in the Somali invasion. The nine involved states have had agreements and treaties in a bid to control conflict. However, treaties and agreements have resulted to inequitable rights of using water from Nile River between countries. An example is a treaty between Great Britain and Ethiopia, Emperor Menelik II, king of kings of Ethiopia. He agreed with the government of His Britannic Majesty not to construct or permit construction projects across Blue Nile, the Sobat and Lake Tana in 1902. In 1906, an agreement between Britain and Government of Independent state of Congo would not construct or permit any construction of projects over or near Semliki or Isango rivet that would reduce the amount of water entering Lake Albert. In 1925, conflict between Egypt and Ethiopia escalated because Ethiopia opposed earlier agreements (Dreibelbis et al., 2013). The League of Nations demanded Italy and British government give an explanation on sovereignty of Ethiopia on Lake Tana. The League of Nations did not help resolve the conflict because there was no self enforcing and reliable mechanism to protect the property rights of stakeholders which is necessary for international water development to be applied. Due to failure of United Nations to help solve the Nile basin conflict, nine riparian states formed a partnership called Nile Basin Initiative. Its mandate is to develop Nile River in a cooperative way, sharing social-economic benefits that promote regional security and peace. World Bank agreed to support the work of Nile Basin Initiative as a development partner as well as an administrator of multi donor Nile Basin Trust Fund. Disputes have also erupted in Niger River Basin. Disagreements and disputes in this basin are caused by limited access to safe drinking water. The disputes are between communities in Mali, Nigeria, and Niger. River flows and rainfall have reduced from 1970s leading to tension between two communities that live in the basin. The two communities are pastoralists and farmers. Pastoralists are forced by lack of water to travel farther with their herds. On the other hand, farmers expand their cropland to take care of increasing population. This reduces pathways that are available to herder and their livestock. Tension increased due to poor policy decisions. In Lokoga in Nigeria, government started dredging Niger River in early 2009 to increase commercial shipping (Huang, Jacangelo Schwab, 2011). The government of Nigeria argued that dredging would help reduce flooding but late farmer suffered from floods in 2010. Farmers resulted to building homes and cultivating land away from the river leading to reduction in land available for grazing. This has facilitated conflict between the two communities greatly. New dams rose built by the government of Nigeria raised ecological issues that provoked hard negotiations over sharing of resources equitably in Niger Basin (Loftus, 2009). It was reported that Mali and Niger did not support construction of dams across the river. Navigation of the river was also constrained by the availability of large boats when water is deep enough. Climate change in Niger Basin has caused a high degree of variability in river flows, rainfall and temperature. The international community is doing little in helping the conflicting countries in the Niger Basin resolve the conflict. Scarcity of safe drinking water has also led to a lot of competition in Volta River basin. Volter River basin is said to be one of the poorest part in Africa continent and is shared by six West African states. People in the basin depend on agriculture as their means of livelihood. The population in West Africa is growing at the rate of 3% thus putting pressure on water resources and land. Burkina Faso is increasing agricultural development upstream using surface resources such as water (Okun, 1991). Water development in Burkina Faso has had a negative impact on Akosombo Dam which Ghana depends on for its energy supply. In 1998, low water level caused energy crisis in Ghana which ended up blaming Burkina Faso water project. Low water levels could have been caused by other factors such as unreliable rainfall variability. Peaceful conflict resolutions could be hindered in the future by insufficient communication between Ghana and Burkina Faso (Ram, Kelsey, Miarintsoa, Rakotomalala, Duns ton, Quick, 2007). Ghana wants to create dams for power generation while Burkina Faso plans to use water for irrigation hence causing conflicts of interest. This conflict received international community recognition which formed a major inter-governmental program to enhance regional cooperation. Green cross water for peace project was put in place to ensure full and also active involvement of representatives of civil societies across the region in generation of basinââ¬â¢s agreement, management policies and principles. Developing countries can learn form developed countries on how to have adequate water supply and sanitation facilities, management of floods, pollution, management of rivers and large dams. Ram et al. (2007) argues that good governance can help address the lack of safe drinking water. He further argues that good governance is essential in procuring loans and aid for water projects form international organizations like world bank, International Monetary Fund, Africa Development bank and from developed countries like Britain, Germany, china, France, united Sates of America and Russia (Rosenberg, 2010). An example of a country that applied good governance to address water problem is South Africa. After Apartheid, the government of South Africa inherited huge problems of access to safe drinking water. It had a population of over 15 million people lacked access to clean water. The government managed to commit itself to high standards and investment subsidies to achieve its goal. From that time South Africa has made good progress to a point where it reached the universal access to improved water source in its urban centers. Similarly, the percentage of people in rural areas with access to clean water increased from sixty six percent to seventy nine percent from 1991 to 2010 (Loftus, 2009). Good governance will help government in developing countries partner with institutions that will help turn all underperforming utilities into good service providers. They would also benefit from the expertise in local, national and international sectors. Research has shown that it is difficult to change processes in water sectors. There has been friction between stakeholder and partners in determining priorities. This led to ambiguities in the role and responsibilities allocation resulting to the high cost of transaction. Just like in developed countries, good governance in developing countries will enable providers and policymakers are accountable to water users. This assists in improving services and enhancing consumer understanding the need for changes and the possible contribution of public private partnership (Ram et al., 2007). Great relationship with international financial institutions will enable developed countries have an adequate supply of safe water. World Bank is known to finance building of infrastructure such as funds to dig boreholes. It usually subsidizes the cost of infrastructure through inter-governmental transfers, donor projects and social development funds (Okun, 1991). Developing countries should consider the use of use Decentralized Mebran Filtration system. This technology provides safe drinking water that is clean. This system employs effective ways of removing surrogate bacteria and parasites from drinking water hat is responsible for contamination of water. This method is affordable to low income countries. Decentralized Mebran Filtration system is appropriate where central municipal water treatment is not possible. It aims to apply integrated bench scale and field scale approach in evaluating sustainability of Decentralized Mebran Filtration system in providing safe drinking water (Huang et al., 2011). Another possible solution is applying desalinization technology. This technology is said to filter salty water through membranes and removing salt through a process of electro dialysis and the reverse osmosis. The technology has worked in over one hundred and thirty countries in Middle East and in North Africa. With this technology, countries that are currently using it produce over six billion gallons of safe drinking water a day. Recycling and filtration should also be encouraged because the two methods are easy and cheap. Conserving water can also be achieved on a smaller scale beginning with improvement in homes (EMD, 2009). Developed countries should explore and exploit underground water. A country like Kenya and Namibia has discovered a 10,000 year old supply of water in underground aquifers. This underground water can satisfy the needs of Namibia for over four hundred years. Researchers argue that throughout Africa, there is twenty times more underground water than volume of surface water. The population of Africa is expected to increase to over two billion in 2050. This implies that countries need to explore other sources of water since traditional sources of fresh water are affected by changes in climate, lack of rainfall and rises in temperature that evaporate lakes and rivers. Other methods that developing countries should encourage their citizens to use include boiling water. It is an efficient method of water sterilization though boiling is costly in terms of fuel use. Another method is solar disinfection by use of ultraviolet radiation. This method is cheap and less damaging. It involves putting water in transparent plastic bottles and exposing it to sunlight for about forty eight hours. This technology cost people nothing by only plastic bottles full of water on corrugated metal roof. Low income countries should also start water projects like water dams and rain catchment systems. These methods are simple and inexpensive. A well close to a village or in a village ensures people do not walk long distances in search of water. It saves time hence making sure there is enough time allocated for other things like learning (Barone, 2008). Campbell et al. (2013) argues that integrated research can help countries achieve adequate supply of safe water for drinking. He attributes the lack of water to fear and inadequate reorganization by communities. He points out that global research can help solve the problem of water scarcity and proper sanitation. This implies that United Nations should put more effort in bringing solutions to water problems. African countries can achieve adequate supply of clean water if they invest in integrated research and funding. They should also put in place policies and infrastructures that attract foreign investments from developed countries such as United States of America, France, China and Russia. Lack of safe water for drinking is a global problem. It affects both developed countries as well as developing countries. United Nations should look for ways to deal with water scarcity and amicable ways of resolving political instabilities resulting from water stress. Developing countries should learn from developed countries on the most appropriate ways of providing clean water. They should maintain good governance and a good environment that can attract foreign investors as well as donors. Through collective effort from all stakeholders, the problem of water can be solved. References Barone, J. (2008). Better Water. Discovery, 29(5), 31-32. Campbell, R. L., Caldwell, D., Hopkins, B., Heaney, C. D., Wing, S., Wilson, S. M., et al. (2013). Integrating Research and Community Organizing to Address Water and Sanitation Concerns in a Community Bordering a Landfill. Journal of Environmental Health, 75(10), 48-50. Dreibelbis, R., Winch, P. J., Leontsini, E., Hulland, K. R., Ram, P. K., Unicomb, L., et al. (2013). The Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: a systematic review of behavioural models and a framework for designing and evaluating behaviour change interventions in infrastructure-restricted settings. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1015. EMD Millipore (2013, September 23). EMD Millipore Donates $30,000 to Charity: Water in Recognition of World Water Week. Pharma Business Week, p. 22. Huang, H., Jacangelo, J. G., Schwab, K. J. (2011). Decentralized Membrane Filtration System for Sustainable and Safe Drinking Water Supply in Low-Income Countries: Baseline Study. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 137(11), 981-989. Loftus, A. (2009). Rethinking Political Ecologies of Water. Third World Quarterly, 30(5), 953-968. Okun, D. A. (1991). A Water and Sanitation Strategy for the Developing World. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 33(8), 16-43. Ram, P. K., Kelsey, E., Miarintsoa, R. R., Rakotomalala, O., Dunston, C., Quick, R. E. (2007). Bringing Safe Water to Remote Populations: An Evaluation of a Portable Point-of-Use Intervention in Rural Madagascar. American Journal of Public Health, 97(3), 398-400. Rosenberg, T. (2010). The burden of thirst. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Magazine. Source document Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4651535692299117584.post-62520129450454344092019-11-14T01:26:00.001-08:002019-11-14T01:26:02.905-08:00Internet Explorer SSL Vulnerability :: essays research papers Abstract Internet Explorer's implementation of SSL contains a vulnerability that allows for an active, undetected, man in the middle attack. No dialogs are shown, no warnings are given. ======================================================================== Description In the normal case, the administrator of a web site might wish to provide secure communication via SSL. To do so, the administrator generates a certificate and has it signed by a Certificate Authority. The generated certificate should list the URL of the secure web site in the Common Name field of the Distinguished Name section. The CA verifies that the administrator legitimately owns the URL in the CN field, signs the certificate, and gives it back. Assuming the administrator is trying to secure www.thoughtcrime.org, we now have the following certificate structure: [CERT - Issuer: VeriSign / Subject: VeriSign] -> [CERT - Issuer: VeriSign / Subject: www.thoughtcrime.org] When a web browser receives this, it should verify that the CN field matches the domain it just connected to, and that it's signed using a known CA certificate. No man in the middle attack is possible because it should not be possible to substitute a certificate with a valid CN and a valid signature. However, there is a slightly more complicated scenario. Sometimes it is convenient to delegate signing authority to more localized authorities. In this case, the administrator of www.thoughtcrime.org would get a chain of certificates from the localized authority: [Issuer: VeriSign / Subject: VeriSign] -> [Issuer: VeriSign / Subject: Intermediate CA] -> [Issuer: Intermediate CA / Subject: www.thoughtcrime.org] When a web browser receives this, it should verify that the CN field of the leaf certificate matches the domain it just connected to, that it's signed by the intermediate CA, and that the intermediate CA is signed by a known CA certificate. Finally, the web browser should also check that all intermediate certificates have valid CA Basic Constraints. You guessed it, Internet Explorer does not check the Basic Constraints. ========================================================================== Exploit So what does this mean? This means that as far as IE is concerned, anyone with a valid CA-signed certificate for ANY domain can generate a valid CA-signed certificate for ANY OTHER domain. As the unscrupulous administrator of www.thoughtcrime.org, I can generate a valid certificate and request a signature from VeriSign: [CERT - Issuer: VeriSign / Subject: VeriSign] -> [CERT - Issuer: VeriSign / Subject: www.thoughtcrime.org] Then I generate a certificate for any domain I want, and sign it using my run-of-the-mill joe-blow CA-signed certificate: [CERT - Issuer: VeriSign / Subject: VeriSign] -> [CERT - Issuer: VeriSign / Subject: www.thoughtcrime.org] -> [CERT - Issuer: www.thoughtcrime.org / Subject: www.amazon.com] Since IE doesn't check the Basic Constraints on the www.thoughtcrime.org certificate, it accepts this certificate chain as valid for www.amazon.com. Anyone with any CA-signed certificate (and the corresponding private Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17063019046603965397noreply@blogger.com0